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MAIN SUBJECT INDEX
Keywords : active, passive equivalent
Keywords : as, adjective
Keywords : present participle , with verbs of movement with verbs of perception, as adjective with spend, with
waste, with catch, with find, replacing time clause, replacing reason clause
Keywords : certainly, definitely, probably, surely
Keywords : time reference, place reference
Keywords : comparative , than, adjective
Keywords : comparative, adverbs
Keywords : comparatives, superlatives, adjectives
Keywords : quantity, comparison, adjective, difference
Keywords : quantity, comparison, adjective
Keywords : quantity, comparison, adjective, difference
Keywords : compound nouns, phrasal verbs
Keywords : countable, uncountable, noun
Keywords : defining relative clauses
Keywords : which, whose
Keywords : enough, very, too, extremely, almost, nearly, completely
Keywords : this, that, these, those, determiners
Keywords : other, another
Keywords : all, both, half, distributives, determiners
Keywords : each, every, either, neither
Keywords : all, both, half, each, every, either, neither
Keywords : get, got, getting
Keywords : no definite article, determiner, exceptions
Keywords : gender, position, form, adjective
Keywords : adverb, form
Keywords : be + past participle
Keywords : to-infinitive, zero infinitive
Keywords : adverb, function
Keywords : order, adjectives, function
Keywords : function, infinitive of purpose, infinitive as subject, infinitive after adjectives, infinitive with
too/enough
Keywords : unknown agent, subject, by formal/scientific texts
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Keywords : future, actions in progress
Keywords : future, attitude
Keywords : will/shall, prediction, decision, future facts, certainty
Keywords : future, completed actions
Keywords : unfinished, future time
Keywords : plans, intentions
Keywords : gerund/infinitive-, no difference in meaning
Keywords : gerund/infinitive, difference in meaning
Keywords : gerund, as subject, after prepositions, after phrasal verbs, in compound nouns, can't stand.can't help
Keywords : get, got, getting
Keywords : get, need
Keywords : conditional perfect continuous
Keywords : if + past, would, present condtional
Keywords : if, condtional tenses
Keywords : if+not, unless, verbs
Keywords : mixed conditionals
Keywords : perfect conditional, if + past perfect
Keywords : wish, would rather, suppose, what if, if only
Keywords : present continuous conditional
Keywords : infinitive, question words
Keywords : why, where, how, when
Keywords : present participle, gerund
Keywords : reported speech, 'that', say, tell, talk, speak
Keywords : defining relative clauses, non-defining relative clauses
Keywords : irregular comparatives, superlatives, adjectives
Keywords : adverbs
Keywords : adjectives
Keywords : adverbs, manner
Keywords : kinds, adverbs
Keywords : determiners, function, class, pre-determiners
Keywords : nouns
Keywords : much, many, a little, a few, some, any
Keywords : menu, introduction, tenses
Keywords : nationalities, country, nouns
Keywords : negative infinitive
Keywords : relative clauses, non-defining
Keywords : not, as, so, not as, not so, adjective
Keywords : gender, masculine, feminine, noun
Keywords : order, adjectives
Keywords : is to, obligation, about to, immediate future
Keywords : perfect infinitive, continuous infinitive, passive infinitive, perfect continuous infinitive
Keywords : past continuous, description, narrative
Keywords : past perfect, just
Keywords : past perfect continuous, process, reported speech
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Keywords : adverbs, place
Keywords : singular plural, irregular plural, noun
Keywords : possessive, time expressions, apostrophe, names, possessive
Keywords : possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns, my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, our, ours, their, theirs
Keywords : such, what, rather, quite
Keywords : prepositions, relative clauses
Keywords : -ing, verbs, tenses, present participle, verbs not used in continuous form
Keywords : arrangements, future
Keywords : present perfect, past participle, irregular verbs
Keywords : present perfect, ever, never, already, yet
Keywords : present perfect, simple past, time, attitude
Keywords : present perfect, for, since
Keywords : present perfect continous, present participle
Keywords : determiners, a few, few, a little, little
Keywords : many, much, more, most, little, less, least, few, fewer, fewest
Keywords : how, much, many, few, lot, number, several, countable, uncountable
Keywords : cardinal, ordinal, fractions, decimals, units, years, zero
Keywords : determiners, quantifiers, some, any
Keywords : something, somebody, someone, somewhere, anything, anybody, anyone, anywhere, nothing, nobody,
noone, nowhere,
Keywords : enough, quantifiers, determiners
Keywords : which, what, whose
Keywords : where, when, why
Keywords : hopes, intentions, to-infinitive, that-clause
Keywords : orders, requests, suggestions, should - omission, that-clause
Keywords : reporting yes/no questions, reporting questions with question words
Keywords : simple past, form, function, irregular verbs, irregular verbs, auxiliary 'did', ago
Keywords : verbs, tenses, present simple
Keywords : future, facts, timetable, calendar
Keywords : verb tenses, present tenses, perfect tenses, conditional tenses, past tenses, future tenses
Keywords : summary, reporting verbs, to-infintive, that-clause
Keywords : reported speech, tense changes
Keywords : the, superlative, adjectives
Keywords : the, definite article
Keywords : the, indefinite article, a, an
Keywords : the, a, an, indefinite article, exceptions
Keywords : adverbs, time
Keywords : if + present + future, fact
Keywords : capital letters, names, months, days, holidays, seasons, geographical, names, streets, buildings, titles
of books, nouns
Keywords : verb with or without noun + infinitive
Keywords : verb + gerund
Keywords : verbs + infinitive without a noun
Keywords : verb + noun + infinitive
Keywords : adverbs, viewpoint, commenting
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Keywords : if + present, general truths, instructions
Keywords : zero infinitive
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GRAMMAR GURU ANSWERS YOUR QUESTIONS*
* Only available to purchasers of the Online English Grammar Pack (see above)
Best buy!
SAMPLE QUESTION :
"Duty vs. Responsibility I have a problem with the distinction of the nouns duty and responsibility.
My 12 year old son is being taught in 7th grade Civics that duty is something you MUST do and
responsibility is something you SHOULD do. I have consulted several dictionaries and thesauri, none
of which appear to support the above definitions. I am an English woman living in the U.S. and there
are so many conflicts between the two countries usage of the English language that I am often
confused. If you could clarify this matter I would be eternally in your debt. ", sent in by Suzanne
Grumko, USA
ANSWER :
"Suzanne, I'm an Australian living in England so I'm not sure if we aren't going to just add a little
more to the confusion! It seems that your son's school is trying to make a distinction between duty
and responsibility that circumvents the fuzzy line between the two so that your son can at least get
beyond the semantics! It is true that the word 'duty', which comes from the French 'duetee' meaning
'to owe' has strong overtones of a 'debt due' to someone, something or some entity (e.g. a nation,
government, family etc.) - note, in terms of its common stem - how it is tied to the use of such
things as 'customs duty' and 'import duty'. In this sense it has the meaning of something that we must
do. But it can also appeal to a moral obligation - 'He felt it his duty to visit his mother every sunday'.
'Responsible' has less of the weight of an obligation or debt and far more of the sense of a personal
or moral feeling of accountability for actions. 'He felt responsible for his family' suggest far more
personal moral commitment than 'He felt a duty toward his family' which is more of an obligation
rather than a freely given moral commitment. I would suggest that the difference is not between
'must' and 'should' but rather between 'obligation' and 'moral undertaking'. I can see why your son's
school would want to define the words the way they do as it would be easier to grasp for a 12 year
old than a discussion on obligation and moral udertaking!. 'His duty as President was compromised
when he acted irresponsibly.' Is as good a sentence as I can create to show the difference. On the
one hand an obligation to behave in a certain way that is inherent in the office and on the other a
behaviour that is personal and rooted in personal moral choices. I hope this helps."
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