Solaris8_Certified_System_Administration_II.pdf

Sun Solaris 8 Certified Systems Administration II - Cramsession

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Sun Solaris 8 Certified Systems Administration II -

C ramsession

Client-Server Relationship

List and define the types of servers used in the Solaris 8 Network E

z Application servers - Share software applications across the network with clie

z Boot servers - Provide startup configuration information to new clients booting

network. Used with Jumpstart.

z Installation servers - Provide client software images to new computers bootin

network. Also used with Jumpstart.

z Database servers - Provide a platform for running database applications and s

with clients.

z Mail servers - Store and forward servers that allow access to email to local clie

z License servers - Manage application and system licenses using a special lice

z Print servers - Share locally attached or network-attached printers with clients

z Name services server - Host one of the many naming services provided by So

NIS, NIS+).

z home Directory servers - Provide storage of 'exported' home directories in a c

List and define the types of clients used in the Solaris 8 network en

Clients use the services provided by servers. A single client can request multiple serv

servers, like shared files, printers and data from a database. A specialized example w

jumpstart client, which requests configuration and installation information from a jump

anticipation of a new operating system install.

Sun now has technology called SunRay™ that provides server based or thin-client co

that have only keyboards, mice, display and simple CPUs.

Solaris Network Environment

Define the function of each layer within the seven-layer OSI model

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SCSA Solaris 8 II

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z Application layer

Represents the user level. TELNET, FTP, SMTP, NFS.

z Presentation Layer

Different computers interpret information in different ways. The presentation lay

encoding and decoding required between platforms. Examples would include A

EBCDIC. XDR (external data representation) resides at this layer.

z Session layer

The session layer manages services like authentication, dialog management a

between connected clients. It also reestablishes interrupted connections.

z Transport Layer

Handles transport-specific functions like flow-control and quality between two c

stations.

z Network Layer

The network layer addresses, routes and delivers data traffic on a network. Ro

found at this layer.

z Data Link Layer

This layer addresses the physical medium directly. This is the first location whe

arranged into a recognizable format. Checksum error detection occurs here. M

used here.

z Physical Layer

Operating at the lowest level, this layer moves unstructured bit streams using e

Define the function of each layer in the five-layer TCP/IP model

Sun’s implementation of the TCP/IP protocol stack includes five layers:

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1. Application Layer

User accessed application programs and network services.

2. Transport Layer

Connection-oriented TCP and connectionless UDP data transfer.

3. Internet Layer

Here data is fragmented, addressed and routed.

4. Network Interface Layer

Error detection and packet framing. 802.3, 802.4, 802.5.

5. Hardware Layer

Contains electrical signals that move raw bits through the ether.

List the features and functions of the Ethernet

Ethernet is an implementation of C arrier S ense M ultiple A ccess with C ollision D etectio

Hosts that share a subnet (usually a Bus) transmit data to other hosts at random inter

transmit at the same time, a collision occurs, and one host must rebroadcast after a ra

Ethernet is popular because it is easy to add hosts, and performs rather well on lightly

Performance does begin to degrade as more hosts are added.

Describe the characteristics of RARP and ARP

ARP and RARP (ReverseARP) are protocols to match a host's unique MAC address (

the network interface card) with an assigned ethernet address (IP). To obtain a destin

Ethernet address, a host must send a broadcast alerting other hosts on the network to

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ARP maps a 32-bit IP to a 48-bit MAC (or Ethernet) address.

RARP maps a 48-bit MAC address to a 32-bit IP address.

Identify the commands which display information about the local n

interface

ifconfig – shows the status of configured interfaces. Includes information relating t

address, Netmask, Broadcast address, and MAC address.

#ifconfig -a

lo0: flags=849 mtu 8232

inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000

le0: flags=863 mtu 1500

inet 10.1.15.10 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 10.1.15.255

banner - shows the MAC of a system from the OBP (Open Boot Prom).

Describe the relationship between the RPC service and the rpcbind

A network service must use an agreed-upon unique port number. To eliminate the pro

hosts and too many services to configure and maintain distinctive information for, Sun

service that does not require predefined port numbers to be established at boot time.

A process, rpcbind , interprets incoming requests and sends them to the appropriate

Using RPC, clients are given the actual port number at connection time by rpcbind (

known port 111). RPC services register themselves with rpcbind when they start, an

available port number at that time. RPC services are named rpc.<daemon> .

Recall how to list registered RPC services

The configured ports for RPC are listed in /etc/rpc .

To see which services are currently running, use the rpcinfo -p command.

Identify the steps necessary to start and stop network services via

line

rpcinfo can also start and stop network services. To reregister network services tha

stopped, send a hangup (HUP) signal to the inetd process.

# pkill -HUP inetd

and then verify the network service is available using rpcinfo -p

To stop a network service, use rpcinfo in the following manner:

# rpcinfo -d mountd 1

Solaris Syslog

Identify the functions of syslog

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syslog is a system of routing messages generated by the system (kernel) or system

appropriate, manageable log files. Messages can be sent to the console or a system

list of users logged on, or forwarded to other hosts on a network.

Recall the syntax of the syslog configuration file

The syslog configuration file is located in /etc/syslog.conf . The syslogd daemo

each time it is started.

Two fields of the syslog are: selector and action. The selector field is divided into two

by a period: facility.level .

The following table contains the facility definitions:

user

kern

mail

daemon

auth

lpr

news

uucp

cron

local0 - 7

mark

The following table contains the severity levels (highest to lowest):

emerg

alert

crit

err

warning

notice

info

debug

none

Deduce syslogd behavior from its configuration file

The syslog configuration file appears like this:

#ident "@(#)syslog.conf 1.5 98/12/14 SMI" /* SunOS 5.0 */

# syslog configuration file.

# This file is processed by m4 so be careful to quote (`') names

# that match m4 reserved words. Also, within ifdef's, arguments

# containing commas must be quoted.

*.err;kern.notice;auth.notice /dev/sysmsg

*.info;mail.none;*.err;kern.debug;daemon.notice /var/adm/messages

mail.err;mail.info;mail.alert;mail.emerg;mail.notice /var/log/maillog

*.alert;kern.err;daemon.err operator

*.alert root

*.emerg *

# if a non-loghost machine chooses to have authentication messages

# sent to the loghost machine, un-comment out the following line:

#auth.notice ifdef(`LOGHOST', /var/log/authlog, @loghost)

mail.debug ifdef(`LOGHOST', /var/log/maillog, @loghost)

local6.debug /var/log/tacacs.log

local7.emerg;local7.alert;local7.debug /var/log/local7.log

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# non-loghost machines will use the following lines to cause "user"

# log messages to be logged locally.

ifdef(`LOGHOST', ,

user.err /dev/sysmsg

user.err /var/adm/messages

user.alert `root, operator'

user.emerg *

)

Note that the syslog conf file is processed via the M4 macro processor. The ifdef s

evaluated to determine where information is sent.

Configure syslog messages by increasing the logging severity lev

Changing the severity level of the login daemons requires changing the level associat

facility:

auth.info/var/adm/messages

auth.crit/var/adm/messages

Changing the severity level of the login daemons requires changing the level associat

daemon facility:

daemon.info/var/adm/messages

daemon.crit/var/adm/messages

Use the command line to update the system log

The logger command updates entries in the system log.

logger [ -I ] [ -f file ] [ -p priority ] [ -t tag ] [ message

# logger -p user.err "System Restart"

This is useful functionality when writing scripts.

Disk Management

List the utilities used to create, check, and mount file systems

newfs is a utility to create the ufs filesystem on a new partition (remember that it is a

to the more configurable makefs command).

fsck is the utility used to check a new file system. It detects and repairs inconsistenc

mount is the utility that is used to ‘attach’ a new file system to the existing hierarchy.

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