Aids To Survival.pdf

WA POLICE ACADEMY COMMAND & LAND OPERATIONS UNIT

AIDS TO SURVIVAL

Twenty Fourth Edition [First Issued 1979]

July, 2004

This book is a Western Australia Police Academy Publication and is available free of charge

to individuals from their local Police Station. Organisations or groups requiring larger

quantities can access and download this publication from the Western Australia Police

website –

http://www.police.wa.gov.au/RecruitingandTheAcademy/pdf/aids22.pdf

The book is offered as an ongoing service in the interest of community safety. The contents

are not subject to copyright and there are no restrictions on copying in any form by interested

individuals and groups.

In keeping with the mission of the Western Australia Police Service to work in partnership

with the community to create a safer and more secure Western Australia by providing quality

police services the Command & Land Operations Unit at the Western Australia Police

Academy invite comments, affirmations and suggestions for possible inclusion in future

editions in an endeavour to improve this publication. Comments may be forwarded to the

Command & Land Operations Unit at the Western Australia Police Academy.

A copy of this publication has been deposited in the Australian National Library.

ISBN: 0-646-36303-4

AIDS TO SURVIVAL

Introduction

Aids To Survival is a Western Australia Police Academy publication initially written and

compiled by Sergeant Bert O’Meagher APM, Officer In Charge, Command & Land

Operations Unit at the Western Australia Police Academy in collaboration with First Class

Constable Dennis Reid and Dr Ross Harvey, M.B, B.S. D.Obst. R.C.O.G. A.C.C.A.M.

The Command & Land Operations Unit was introduced to provide members of the Western

Australia Police Service with the necessary knowledge and skills to carry out their duties in

outback Western Australia and to enable them to co-ordinate or participate in emergency

operations and advise on outback safety. In keeping with the WA Police Service mission to

provide a safer and more secure Western Australia the unit is concerned with the education of

interested community groups and individuals.

Originally the book was produced to provide members of the Western Australia Police

Service with a locally produced source of reference for use in training and for dissemination

to the public. To this end the book has proved to be extremely successful, this being the 24th

edition with over 430,000 copies being distributed since its introduction in 1979. It is now

available on the Internet under the WA Police Service website.

The book is required reading for several community groups, youth organisations, education

institutions and industry trainers throughout Western Australia. Contents have been provided

to Royal Flying Doctor Service WA] for inclusion in their publication, Safety & Survival

Handbook.

A dedicated group of community minded individuals and organisations have contributed

information and items over the years and their efforts and contributions are much appreciated.

Contributors include - Peter Bindon, Vern Delgado, Arthur Connor, Graham Brammer,

Ronele and Eric Gard, Richard Lushey, Ric Clifford, John Evans, The Duke of Edinburgh’s

Award [WA], The Royal Lifesaving Society [WA], St John Ambulance [WA], Red Cross

[WA], Bureau Of Meteorology [WA], Australian Communications Authority and Sergeant

Phil Ramsay [WA Police]. Diagrams were originally drawn by Western Australian

Government Print Artists and updated as required.

Staff at the Western Australia Police Academy Command & Land Operations Unit who have

contributed to the book include; Senior Constable Paul McKee, Senior Constable Ian

Thomson, Senior Constable David Stark, Senior Constable Douglas Fleetwood, Senior

Constable Glen Blackwell and Senior Constable Shaun Jackson.

Thanks are also extended to students of classes conducted by the Western Australia Police

Academy Command & Land Operations Unit and members of the community of Western

Australia who have provided valuable comment and feedback.

M.W. SHERVILL.

SUPERINTENDENT

PRINCIPAL

WESTERN AUSTRALIA POLICE ACADEMY.

June-04

AIDS TO SURVIVAL

Contents

C HAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................... 7

Safe Outback Travel ................................................................................................................ 7

PRIOR PREPARATION & PLANNING .....................................................................7

VEHICLE SELECTION ...............................................................................................9

VEHICLE PREPARATION .........................................................................................9

VEHICLE AWARENESS ..........................................................................................11

VEHICLE CHECK LIST............................................................................................12

VEHICLE TOOL KITS ..............................................................................................13

VEHICLE RECOVERY EQUIPMENT .....................................................................13

OFF-ROAD DRIVING TIPS......................................................................................14

OUTBACK TRAVEL CODE OF ETHICS................................................................15

CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................. 16

Outback Survival.................................................................................................................... 16

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVIVAL ...........................................................16

ACTIONS BY SURVIVORS .....................................................................................17

SURVIVAL PLANS ...................................................................................................18

WAPS PERSONAL SURVIVAL KIT .......................................................................20

WAPS VEHICLE/AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY PACK .............................................20

Water .................................................................................................................................... 21

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER TO SURVIVAL .................................................21

TIME FRAME FOR SURVIVAL [TFFS]..................................................................21

HOW FLUID IS LOST FROM THE BODY..............................................................21

WHEN TO CONSUME WATER IN A SURVIVAL SITUATION ..........................21

METHODS OF WATER PROCUREMENT .............................................................22

WATER PURIFICATION ..........................................................................................26

Shelter................................................................................................................................... 27

TYPES OF SHELTERS..............................................................................................27

Warmth................................................................................................................................. 30

FIRE LIGHTING WITHOUT MATCHES ................................................................30

Food...................................................................................................................................... 33

LIVING OFF THE LAND ..........................................................................................33

THE FOOD PREFERENTIAL ...................................................................................33

SNARING ANIMALS ................................................................................................34

ANIMAL BUTCHERY ..............................................................................................40

PREPARATION & COOKING OF GAME ...............................................................40

PRESERVING MEAT ................................................................................................41

EDIBLE PLANTS.......................................................................................................42

PLANTS TO AVOID..................................................................................................42

THE ‘TASTE TEST’ FOR PLANT EDIBILITY .......................................................42

SOME COMMON TYPES OF EDIBLE VEGETATION .........................................43

EDIBLE INSECT ACTIVITY ON PLANTS .............................................................45

CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................. 46

Direction Finding.................................................................................................................... 46

WATCH METHOD ....................................................................................................46

TRADITIONAL BUSHMAN’S METHOD [KANGAROO WALLOWS] ...............46

HAND SPAN METHOD ............................................................................................47

THE SHADOW STICK ..............................................................................................47

AIDS TO SURVIVAL

THE SOUTHERN CROSS METHOD - AT NIGHT .................................................48

NAVIGATING AT NIGHT WITHOUT A COMPASS.............................................48

CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................. 49

Emergency Procedures .......................................................................................................... 49

PROCEDURE IF LOST..............................................................................................49

ELECTRONIC SAFETY AIDS..................................................................................50

EMERGENCY SIGNALS ..........................................................................................50

BUSHWALKING SAFETY .......................................................................................52

BUSHFIRE SURVIVAL ............................................................................................53

CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................. 54

Radio Communications.......................................................................................................... 54

CITIZEN BAND RADIO ...........................................................................................54

OPERATING PROCEDURES ...................................................................................54

EMERGENCY RADIO PROCEDURES ...................................................................56

CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................. 57

Creek & River Crossings ....................................................................................................... 57

APPRECIATIONS......................................................................................................57

METHODS OF CROSSING CREEKS & RIVERS ...................................................58

CHAPTER 7 ............................................................................................................. 59

Bush First Aid......................................................................................................................... 59

CONDITIONS ............................................................................................................59

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT .............................................................................................60

FRACTURES..............................................................................................................61

FRACTURES OF THE SPINE...................................................................................61

SPRAINS ....................................................................................................................61

HEAD INJURY...........................................................................................................62

BURNS AND SCALDS..............................................................................................62

BLEEDING .................................................................................................................63

PAIN............................................................................................................................63

HYSTERIA .................................................................................................................63

ASPHYXIA.................................................................................................................63

INSECT BITES...........................................................................................................64

SNAKE BITE..............................................................................................................64

CUTS AND ABRASIONS .........................................................................................65

BLISTERS ..................................................................................................................65

SPLINTERS ................................................................................................................65

CARE OF FEET..........................................................................................................65

CASUALTY ACTION ...............................................................................................65

HYPOTHERMIA........................................................................................................66

FROST BITE...............................................................................................................66

HYPERTHERMIA......................................................................................................67

SALT DEPLETION ....................................................................................................67

WAPA TEAM FIELD FIRST AID KIT.....................................................................68

WAPA FIELD HEADQUARTERS BASE FIRST AID KIT.....................................68

ST JOHN AMBULANCE HIKERS FIRST AID PACK............................................69

RED CROSS HIKING FIRST AID KIT ....................................................................69

ACTIVITY-SPECIFIC FIRST AID KITS..................................................................69

DEALING WITH DEATH .........................................................................................70

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