jezykoznawstwo.doc

ALVEOLAR – DZIĄSŁOWY

ALVEOLAR RIDGE –WYROSTEK ZĘBODOŁOWY

VELAR – PODNIEBIENNY MIĘKKI

NASAL – NOSOWY

FRICATIVE – SPÓŁGŁOSKA SZCZELINOWA

AFFRICATIVE – SPÓŁGŁOSKA ZWARTO-SZCZELINOWA

STOP/PLOSIVE – SPÓŁGŁOSKA ZWARTO-WYBUCHOWA

LUNGS – PŁUCA

TRACHEA – TCHAWICA

BRONCHES – OSKRZELA

LARYNX – KRTAŃ

GLOTTIS – GŁOŚNIA

VOCAL FOLDS – STRUNY GŁOSOWE

PHARYNX – GARDŁO

NASAL CAVITY – JAMA NOSOWA

UVULA – JĘZYCZEK

SOFT PALATE – PODNIEBIENIE MIĘKKIE

HARD PALATE – PODNIEBIENIE TWARDE

BILABIAL – DWUWARGOWE

DENTAL – ZĘBOWY

VOICED – DŹWIĘCZNY

VOICELESS – BEZDŹWIĘCZNY

3 | Strona

Phonetics – the general study of the characteristics of speech. Articulatory phonetics – the study of how speech sounds are made. Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech as sound waves. Auditory phonetics – the perception (via the ear) of speech sounds.

Voiced sounds – when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect.

Voiceless sounds – when the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded.

Place of articulation – the terms to describe the location inside the mouth at which the constriction takes place.

Places of articulation:

a)     Bilabials – sounds formed using both upper and lower lips. [m], [p], [w], [b].

b)     Labiodentals – sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. [f], [v].

c)     Dentals – sounds formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth. [θ], [ð].

d)     Alveolars – sounds formed with the front part of the tongue of the alveolar ridge.
[t], [d], [s], [z], [n].

e)     Palatals – sounds which are produced with the tongue and the palate (hard palate). [ʃ], [tʃ], [ʒ], [dʒ].

f)       Velars – sounds produced with the back of the tongue against the velum (soft palate). [k], [g], [ŋ].

g)     Glottals – when the glottis is open and there’s no manipulation of the air passing out of the mouth, the sound produced is that represented by [h].

Manner of articulation – describing the sounds in terms of how they are articulated.

Manners of articulation:

a)     Stops – sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are all produced by some form of ‘stopping’ of the airstream, and then letting it go abruptly.

b)     Fricatives – sounds [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] all involve almost blocking the airstream and having the air push through the very narrow opening.

c)     Affricates – if you combine a brief stopping of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some friction, you will be able to produce the sounds [tʃ], [dʒ].

d)     Nasals – when the velum is lowered and the airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose sounds as [m], [n], [ŋ] are produced.

e)     Liquids – the [l] sound is called a lateral liquid and is formed by letting the airstream flow around the sides of the tongue as the tip of the tongue makes contact with the middle of the alveolar ridge. The [r] sound at the beginning of red is formed with the tongue tip raised and curled back near the alveolar ridge.

f)       Glides – the sounds [w] and [j] are both voiced and are typically produced with the tongue in motion (or ‘gliding’) to form the position of a vowel and are sometimes called semi-vowels or approximants.

The glottal stop – occurs when the space between the vocal cords (the glottis) is closed completely (very briefly), then released.

Flap – this sound is produced by the tongue tip tapping the alveolar ridge briefly (e.g. butter – budder, latter – ladder, writer – rider, metal – medal).

Vowel – sounds produced with a relatively free flow of air through the pharynx.

Diphthongs – ‘combined’ vowel sounds. We move from one vocalic position to another as we produce the sound.

Phonology – the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. Is concerned on mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.

Phonemes – each one of meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language.

Phones – different versions of sound type regularly produced in actual speech (‘in the mouth’). Phones are separate phonetic units.

Allophones – when we have a group of several phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme, we call that allophone.

Minimal pair – pairs of words which differ in only one sound.

Minimal set – sets of words which differ in one sound.

Phonotactics – permitted arrangements of sounds in each language (e.g. [fsg], [rnig] are not allowed in English phonology) which are part of every speaker’s knowledge.

Syllable – must contain a vowel (or vowel-like sound). The most common type of syllable in language has a consonant (C) before the vowel (V). The basic elements of the syllable are the onset (one or more consonants) and the rhyme (consists of a vowel, which is treated as the nucleus, plus any following consonant[s], described as the coda).

Consonant cluster – when the onset and the coda consist of more than one consonant.

Co-articulation – the process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next sound.

Assimilation – when two sound segments occur in sequence and some aspect of one segment is taken or ‘copied’ by the other.

Elision – process of not pronouncing a sound segment that might be present in the deliberately careful pronunciation of a word.

Etymology – study of the origin and history of a word.

Word-formation processes:

Coinage – the invention of totally new terms. The most typical sources are invented trade names for commercial products that become general terms for any version of that product.
E.g. zipper, aspirin, nylon, teflon, xerox.

Eponym – new words based on the name of a person or a place. E.g. hoover, sandwich, jeans, fahrenheit, volt, watt.

Borrowing – the taking over of words from other languages. E.g. croissant, dope, lilac, piano, pretzel, sofa, tattoo, tycoon, zebra.

Calque – a special type of borrowing. There is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language. E.g. French gratte-ciel (scrape-sky), German übermensch.

Compounding – joining two separate words to produce a single form. E.g. bookcase, doorknob, fingerprint, sunburn, textbook, good-looking, low-paid, fast-food, full-time.

Blending – the combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term. This process is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. E.g. gasohol, smog, bit, brunch, motel, infotainment, modem.

Clipping – occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, usually beginning in casual speech. E.g. fax, bra, gas, ad, condo, fan, perm, pub, phone, exam.

Hypocrism – a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then –y or –ie­ is added to the end. E.g. movie, telly, Barbie, bookie, brekky, hanky.

Backformation – a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb). E.g. noun television – verb televise, donation – donate, emotion – emote, liaison – liaise, babysitter – babysit.

Conversion – a change in the function of a word (e.g. when a noun becomes a verb) without any reduction. E.g. bottle – to bottle, vacation – to vacation, toast – to toast, guess – a guess, must – a must, to print out – printout, to hand out – handout, see through – see-through, stand up – stand-up, ball-park figure – to ball park the cost.

Acronym – new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. E.g. CD – compact disc, VCR – video cassette recorder, UNESCO, NATO, NASA, laser, radar, zip, scuba, PIN.

Derivation – process which is accomplished by means of a large number of small ‘bits’ of the English language which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries. These small bits are affixes (prefixes and suffixes). E.g. un-, mis-, pre-, -ful, -less, -ish, -ism, -ness.

Infixes – an affix incorporated inside another word. E.g. Unfuckingbeliavable! Hallebloodylujah!

...