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The Facts on File Student's Dictionary of American English
The Facts On File
S
TUDENT
’
S
OF
A
MERICAN
E
NGLISH
Cynthia A. Barnhart
D
ICTIONARY
e Facts On File Student’s Dictionary of American English
Copyright © 2008 by Cynthia A. Barnhart
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Barnhart, Cynthia A.
e Facts on File student’s dictionary of American English / Cynthia Barnhart.
p. cm.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6379-6 (alk. paper)
1. English language—Dictionaries, Juvenile. 2. English language—Dictionaries.
I. Facts on File, Inc. II. Title. III. Title: Student’s dictionary of American English.
PE1628.5.B38 2007
423—dc22 2007023460
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for
businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales
Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755.
You can fi nd Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfi le.com
Text design by Erika Arroyo
Cover design by Salvatore Luongo
Printed in the United States of America
VB CGI 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
is book is printed on acid-free paper.
C
ONTENTS
Preface iv
Explanatory Notes vi
Entries A to Z 1
P
REFACE
e fi rst purpose of any student’s dictionary is
to provide the basic information necessary to be
able to understand a meaning, decipher a pro-
nunciation, make a correct syllable break, and
employ vocabulary appropriate to a particular
situation.
e Facts On File Student’s Dictionary
of American English
is designed to provide such
information as accurately, concisely, and clearly
as possible. Its modest entry list of about 90,000
words includes the vocabulary most of us use
every day in ordinary writing and encounter in
reading a newspaper, novel, magazine, or online
article. It also includes a selection of widely used
new terms in English from science and technol-
ogy and contemporary American culture.
Each entry of the standard vocabulary has
been evaluated and revised according to cur-
rent usage. e English language o en adds
new meanings to “old words,” which have been
pressed into service to describe changing times,
perceptions, and attitudes. In order to call atten-
tion to extended and new meanings for older
words, the editor of this dictionary has made free
use of the label
Fig.
(Figurative) to mark usages
that have strayed from the bounds of a term’s
core meaning. Such adaptability is surely what
makes English a lively and inventive language.
Along with abundant use of the fi gurative
label, this
Student’s Dictionary of American Eng-
lish
radically diff ers from more expansive dic-
tionaries, and even collegiate dictionaries, in
its concise treatment of function words—
come,
have, go, for, open,
etc. ese are the words so
essential to the basic formulations of English
that traditional dictionaries o en identify scores
of meanings for them. Except for the language
specialist, most of these meanings are separated
by so little diff erence that the ordinary student
or general user is hard pressed to understand
the distinction. In this dictionary, such entries
have been trimmed to
core
meanings;
shades
of
meaning are illustrated by phrases or sentences
that follow a defi nition, not by diff erent defi ni-
tions entirely.
e editor has eschewed overreliance on usage
labels (
Slang, Informal
) as well, using them only
where the user should be alerted to the level of
use, so that an informed decision can be made as
to whether a particular word is appropriate to a
particular context. Likewise, archaic vocabulary
has been systematically reduced to those poetic
archaisms and other vestiges of ancient vocabu-
lary that students are most likely to encounter.
e argument that a student might encounter
a particular archaic term does not outweigh the
necessity of using available space in the diction-
ary to cover more completely current usage
of words whose defi nitions have expanded in
recent years. While a glossary in a literary text
will most likely defi ne an archaism, it will not do
the same for the expanded meanings of terms
such as
marriage
or
partner,
which today have
new and diff erent meanings in addition to their
core meanings.
Any dictionary is a refl ection of the work of
many people who have contributed their ideas
and knowledge of language to the long line
of dictionaries compiled over the years, and
any new dictionary draws heavily on works
that have preceded it. e editor has drawn on
the experience, expertise, and traditions of the
people and tools of the dictionary trade. One
such tool, without which the dictionary would
descend into a personal account of today’s Eng-
iv
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