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Frank Klawonn
Introduction to
Computer Graphics
Using Java 2D and 3D
ABC
Frank Klawonn, MSc, PhD
Department of Computer Science
University of Applied Sciences Braunschweig/Wolfenbuettel
Germany
Series editor
Ian Mackie, École Polytechnique, France and King s College London, UK
,
Advisory board
Samson Abramsky, University of Oxford, UK
Chris Hankin, Imperial College London, UK
Dexter Kozen, Cornell University, USA
Andrew Pitts, University of Cambridge, UK
Hanne Riis Nielson, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Steven Skiena, Stony Brook University, USA
Iain Stewart, University of Durham, UK
David Zhang, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007939533
Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science ISSN 1863-7310
ISBN: 978-1-84628-847-0
e-ISBN: 978-1-84628-848-7
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2008
Originally published in the German language by Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlag, 65189 Wiesbaden,
Germany, as “Frank Klawonn: Grundkurs Computergrafik mit Java. 1. Auflage”. © Friedr. Vieweg &
Sohn Verlag |GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2005
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted
under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the
case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing
Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a
specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information
contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that
may be made.
Printed on acid-free paper
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springer.com
Preface
Early computer graphics started as a research and application field that was
the domain of only a few experts, for instance in the area of computer aided
design (CAD). Nowadays, any person using a personal computer benefits from
the developments in computer graphics. Operating systems and application
programs with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) belong to the simplest appli-
cations of computer graphics. Visualisation techniques, ranging from simple
histograms to dynamic 3D animations showing changes of winds or currents
over time, use computer graphics in the same manner as popular computer
games. Even those who do not use a personal computer might see the results of
computer graphics on TV or in cinemas where parts of scenes or even a whole
movie might be produced by computer graphics techniques.
Without powerful hardware in the form of fast processors, suciently large
memory and special graphics cards, most of these applications would not have
been possible. In addition to these hardware requirements e cient algorithms
as well as programming tools that are easy to use and flexible at the time are
required. Nowadays, a standard personal computer is sucient to generate im-
pressive graphics and animations using freely available programming platforms
like OpenGL or Java 3D. In addition to at least an elementary understanding
of programming, the use of such platforms also requires basic knowledge about
the underlying background, concepts and methods of computer graphics.
Aims of the book
The aim of this book is to explain the necessary background and principles of
computer graphics combined with direct applications in concrete and simple
examples. Coupling the theory with the practical examples enables the reader
to apply the technical concepts directly and to visually understand what they
vi
Preface
mean.
Java 2D and Java 3D build the basis for the practical examples. Wherever
possible, the introduced concepts and theory of computer graphics are imme-
diately followed by their counterparts in Java 2D and Java 3D. However, the
intention of this book is not to provide a complete introduction to Java 2D
or Java 3D, which would both need a multivolume edition themselves without
even touching the underlying theoretical concepts of computer graphics.
In order to directly apply computer graphics concepts introduced in this
book, the book focusses on the parts of Java 2D and Java 3D that are absolutely
relevant for these concepts. Sometimes a simple solution is preferred over the
most general one so that not all possible options and additional parameters
for an implementation will be discussed. The example programs are kept as
simple as possible in order to concentrate on the important concepts and not
to disguise them in complex, but more impressive scenes.
There are some selected additional topics—for instance the computation of
shadows within computer graphics—that are introduced in the book, although
Java 3D does not provide such techniques yet.
Why Java?
There are various reasons for using Java 2D and Java 3D as application plat-
forms. The programming language Java becomes more and more popular in
applications and teaching so that extensions like Java 2D/3D seem to be the
most obvious choice. Many universities use Java as the introductory program-
ming language, not only in computer science, but also in other areas so that
students with a basic knowledge in Java can immediately start to work with
Java 2D/3D. Specifically, for multimedia applications Java is very often the
language of first choice.
Overview
The first chapters of the book focus on aspects of two-dimensional computer
graphics like how to create and draw lines, curves and geometric shapes, han-
dling of colours and techniques for animated graphics.
Chapter 5 and all following chapters cover topics of three-dimensional com-
puter graphics. This includes modelling of 3D objects and scenes, producing
images from virtual 3D scenes, animation, interaction, illumination and shad-
ing. The last chapter introduces selected special topics, for example special
effects like fog, sound effects and stereoscopic viewing.

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