Biber, Leech, Conrad ''Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English WORKBOOK''.pdf

and WRITTEN

ENGLISH

Susan Conrad

Douglas Biber

Geoffrey Leech

Pearson Education Limited

Edinburgh Gate

Harlow

Essex CM2O 2lE

England

and Associated Companies throughout the World.

Visit our website: http://www.longman.com/dictionaries

O Pearson Education Limited 2002

The rights of Susan Conrad, Douglas Biber, and Geoffrey Leech to be

identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in

accordance with the Copyright, Designs, and PatentsAct 1988.

All rights resewed; no part of fhis publication mybe reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without

the prior written permission of the Publishers.

First published 2002

Third Impression 2003

Words that the editors have reasonto believe constitute trademarks

have been described as such. However, neither the presence nor the

absehce of such a description should beregarded as affecting the le

status of any trademark.

ISBN 0 582 539420

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Printed in Great Britain by Ashford Colowr Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire.

Contents

Introduction

1 A discourse perspective on grammar

2 Words and word classes

3 Introduction to phrases and clauses

4 Nouns, pronouns, and the simple noun phrase

2 1

5 Verbs

6 Variation in the verb phrase: tense, aspect, voice, and modal use

7 Adjectives and adverbs

8 Exploringthe grammar of the clause

9 Complex noun phrases

10 Verb and adjective complement clauses

11 Adverbials

12 Word order choices

13' The grammar ofconversation

Answers

Introduction

To the student

We designed this Workbook to give you practice in analyzing English grammar and

understanding how it works in real communication.The Workbook differs from other

grammar textbooks known to us in its exclusive focus on how English is actually used. All

examples in the exercises are taken from naturally occurring English texts and

conversations, rather than being invented, idealized language.

Advantages of this Workbook

The focus on real language has three advantages.

First, authentic instances of how people really use the language are more interesting

than made-up sentences. They can even be fun! It is often entertaining to see what

people actually say and write.

Second, analyzing authentic examples will give you the tools you need as English

language students and professionals. Authentic pieces of English can be messy, and

less 'tidy' than made-up sentences. But a book with made-up sentences would not

have prepared you to understand the use of grammar in natural settings. For example,

ifyou become an English teacher, your students will ask you to explain the grammar of

real language use: sentences in their essays, or snatches they heard on the radio or

read in a newspaper. Also, during the rest of your time as a student, it is likely that you

will be surrounded by authentic English: in conversations, lectures, textbooks,

newspapers, and so on. This Workbook will give you the practice and tools needed to

analyze the grammatical structure of the language around you.

Third, in our focus on authentic language we explicitly contrast the grammar of spoken

and written English. You will quickly discover that the typical grammatical

constructions of conversation are very different from those found in academic writing.

You will probably be especially surprised by the grammar of conversation: rather than

consisting of simple one-clausesentences (as you might imagine from some

textbooks), you will find that conversation regularly makes use of complex-seeming

structures with many kinds of embedding, as well as a generous sprinkling of ultra-

simple structures which have no verb and contain only one or two words. In contrast,

written texts build up their complexity with longer phrases, with much embedding of

one phrase in another. By examining and contrasting the grammar of these different

kinds of language, you will gain the expertise and insight needed to apply your

knowledge in real communication.

Usingthe Workbook

The Workbook is designed to be used together with the Longman Student Grammar of

Spoken and Written English (SGSWE). There are thirteen chapters in SGSWE, and each

chapter is divided into manageable sections called 'grammar bites'. We have used this

same organization in the Workbook, providing exercises for each of the grammar bites in

SGSWE. In addition, we provide 'synthesis' exercises at the end of each chapter, to help

you integrate a range of related topics and skills covered in the different grammar bites.

The synthesis tasks often involve more extended pieces of written or spoken language.

In addition, many chapters end with a set of sentences for additional practice, or

diagramming ifyour study includes the use of tree diagrams. Diagrammingsentences is a

useful exercise because itenables you to make sure your grasp of grammatical structure

is complete and explicit. The chapters contain many examples which could be used for

diagramming practice, but the set of sentences at the end of each chapter has been

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