fm.pdf

Remediation

Engineering

Design Concepts

Suthan S. Suthersan, Ph.D., P.E.

LEWIS PUBLISHERS

Boca Raton New York London Tokyo

Acquiring Editor:

Joel Stein

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Suthersan, Suthan. S.

Remediation engineering : design concepts / Suthan S. Suthersan.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-56670-137-6

1. Soil remediation. 2. Groundwater--Puriﬁcation.

I. Title.

TD878.S88 1996

628.5

2—dc20

96-33432

CIP

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is

quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have

been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility

for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or

mechanical, including photocopying, microﬁlming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system,

without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new

works, or for resale. Speciﬁc permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press for such copying.

Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.

Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 1-56670-137-6

Library of Congress Card Number 96-33432

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Printed on acid-free paper

Foreword

Remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater at hazardous waste sites has been in

full swing for about 10 years. During this relatively short period, the environmental industry

has seen tremendous changes in both strategy and technique. In the beginning, it was thought

that success could only be achieved if you moved and treated as much soil and water as

possible, often at great expense and additional risk to the environment. Little, if any, thought

was given to the simple processes of nature that could be harnessed to accomplish the job at

a fraction of the cost and no added risk. Who would have thought that feeding molasses to

naturally occurring microorganisms could result in the destruction of technology-defying

chlorinated hydrocarbons? Yet, the application and manipulation of such processes, achieved

through a highly specialized blend of science and engineering, represents the future of

remediation technology at hazardous waste sites around the world.

This book is truly a “ﬁrst of its kind.” It focuses on the key innovative technologies that

are beginning to dominate the remediation ﬁeld, most of them

, and most of them

relying on natural processes. Each method is described in detail, and the reader is guided

through its evaluation design and implementation. The material, amply illustrated, qualiﬁes

both as a textbook for the engineer or scientist and a guide for the technician already in the

ﬁeld applying the remedy.

Only someone with the author’s professional background and commitment to seeking

creative solutions to tough problems could have put together this book. For the past 15 years,

Suthan Suthersan has been a pioneer in the development and application of new methods for

the solution of soil and groundwater contamination problems. Starting out in the hydrocarbon

ﬁeld, where regulatory ﬂexibility allowed for on-site testing of new approaches, Suthan was

one of the ﬁrst to apply

in-situ

methods such as air sparging, which have become some of

the most widely used technologies today. He holds several patents and continues to develop

new ideas that should increase the efﬁciency and reduce costs of soil and groundwater cleanup.

I enjoyed this book. It takes the mystery out of terms like

in-situ

hydro-fracturing

and

phytore-

mediation

. It is a valuable contribution to the ﬁeld both here and abroad.

David W. Miller

Plainview, New York

The Author

Suthan S. Suthersan, PhD, PE, is Vice President and

Director of Remediation Services at Geraghty & Miller, Inc.,

an international environmental and infrastructure services

company. He is considered one of the country’s leading and

pioneering experts in the ﬁeld of environmental remediation.

His primary responsibilities include development and appli-

cation of innovative

remediation technologies, imple-

mentation of technology transfer programs, and provision of

technical oversight on projects across the entire country and

internationally. His technology development efforts have

been rewarded with four patents awarded and many pending.

Dr. Suthersan has a PhD in Environmental Engineering

from the University of Toronto, a Masters in Environmental

Engineering from the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) and a BS in Civil Engineering

from the University of Sri Lanka. He is also a registered Professional Engineer in several

states. In addition to his consulting experience, Dr. Suthersan has taught courses at North-

eastern University, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and University of Toronto.

Dr. Suthersan’s primary strength lies in developing the most cost-effective site-speciﬁc

solutions utilizing cutting edge techniques. He has developed a national reputation for per-

suasion of the regulatory community to accept the most innovative remediation techniques

by unraveling the concepts associated with any new application. He has also co-authored

another book and has published many papers in various aspects of environmental remediation.

Dr. Suthersan is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Water Environ-

ment Federation, and various committees in many professional societies.

in situ

Preface

Remediation engineering as a discipline has evolved only in the last few years and

continues to evolve even today. There is an increased level of awareness regarding the

efﬁciencies and limitations of the applicable technologies. Pump and treat systems, the

primary remediation technique during the early days, have been found to be ineffective due

to better understanding of contaminant fate and transport mechanisms. Many new and inno-

vative

technologies have been introduced recently to develop faster and more cost-

effective solutions for the responsible parties. As a result, engineers and scientists practicing

remediation engineering have to continuously learn the development and application of new

concepts and techniques.

This book is intended as a text for engineers and nonengineers to understand the appli-

cations of various conventional and innovative remediation technologies. In this industry, a

technology considered to be innovative will become “conventional” in a much shorter time

frame than in many other industries as a result of the need and urgency to develop cost-

effective solutions. The individual chapters in this book attempt to provide a basic under-

standing of the various technologies and a detailed discussion of the design concepts. Descrip-

tion of the detailed design steps of individual technologies would require more than a single

text: each chapter could easily be expanded into an entire book. To that end, I have attempted

to present a level of discussion that provides a working knowledge of the basic principles,

applications, advantages, and limitations of a wide spectrum of remediation technologies. I

have also provided case studies to describe the application of some of the technologies.

Even as this manuscript goes to press, some new technologies may be in the process of

experimentation and development to be ready for wider applications. This book covers

in situ

• Soil Vapor Extraction (currently considered to be a conventional technology)

•

In Situ

Air Sparging (in transition from innovative to conventional)

•

Bioremediation (conventional and innovative applications)

• Vacuum-Enhanced Recovery (in transition from innovative to conventional)

•

In Situ

Reactive Walls (Innovative at present)

•

Reactive Zones (Innovative at present)

• Hydraulic and Pneumatic Fracturing (Innovative at present)

• Phytoremediation (Innovative at present)

• Pump and Treat Systems (Conventional)

• Stabilization Technologies (Conventional)

In Situ

In addition, a chapter on basic principles of contaminant characteristics and partitioning has

been provided.

I have written the book to reach a wide audience: remediation design engineers, scientists,

regulatory specialists, graduate students in environmental engineering, and people from the

industry who have general responsibility for site cleanups. I have tried to provide detailed

information on basic principles in various chapters for interested readers. Readers who are

not interested in basic principles can skip these passages and get the general knowledge that

they need.

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