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FrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutCalendars
Version2.7
ClausTøndering
15January2005
URL: http://www.tondering.dk/claus/calendar.html
Copyrightanddisclaimer
ThisdocumentisCopyrightc2005byClausTøndering.
E-mail:claus@tondering.dk.(Pleaseincludetheword“calendar”inthesubjectline.)
Thedocumentmaybefreelydistributed,providedthiscopyrightnoticeisincludedand
nomoneyischargedforthedocument.
Thisdocumentisprovided“asis”.Nowarrantiesaremadeastoitscorrectness.
Introduction
ThisisthecalendarFAQ.ItspurposeistogiveanoverviewoftheChristian,Hebrew,
Persian,andIslamiccalendarsincommonuse.Itwillprovideahistoricalbackground
fortheChristiancalendar,plusanoverviewoftheFrenchRevolutionarycalendar,the
Mayacalendar,andtheChinesecalendar.
Commentsareverywelcome.Mye-mailaddressisgivenabove.
Iwouldliketothank
•DrMonzurAhmedoftheUniversityofBirmingham,UK,
•MichaelJAppel,
•JayBall,
•TomBox,
•ChrisCarrier,
•SimonCassidy,
•ClausDobesch,
•LeofrancHolford-Strevens,
•DavidB.KelleyoftheHamamatsuUniversitySchoolofMedicineinJapan,
•H.Koenig,
•GrahamLewis,
•DuncanMacGregor,
•MarcosMontes,
•JamesE.Morrison,
•WaleedA.MuhannaoftheFisherCollegeofBusiness,Columbus,Ohio,USA,
•StefanPotthast,
•YvesSagnieroftheCentred’EtudesdelaNavigationAerienne,
•PaulSchlyteroftheSwedishAmateurAstronomer’sSociety,
•DrJohnStockton
fortheirhelpwiththisdocument.
1
Changesinversion2.7
Section2.5addedandthefollowingsectionsrenumbered.
Section2.13.8addedandthefollowingsectionsrenumbered.
ThedescriptionoftheVenerableBedeinsection2.14hasbeenchanged.
Aclarificationhasbeenaddedtosection3.8.
Therulesinsection4.5havebeenbroughtuptodate.
Afewminorcorrectionshavebeenmade.
Writingdatesandyears
DateswillbewrittenintheBritishformat(1January)ratherthantheAmericanformat
(January1).Dateswilloccasionallybeabbreviated:“1Jan”ratherthan“1January”.
Yearsbeforeandafterthe“ocial”birthyearofChristwillbewritten“45BC”
or“AD1997”,respectively.Ipreferthisnotationoverthesecular“45BCE”and
“1997CE”(Seealsosection2.14.4.)
The‘mod’operator
Throughoutthisdocumenttheoperator‘mod’willbeusedtosignifythemoduloor
remainderoperator.Forexample,17mod7=3becausetheresultofthedivision17/7
is2witharemainderof3.
Thetextinsquarebrackets
Squarebrackets[likethis]identifyinformationthatIamunsureaboutandaboutwhich
Iwouldlikemoreinformation.Pleasewritemeatclaus@tondering.dk(andplease
includetheword“calendar”inthesubjectline).
2
Contents
1WhatAstronomicalEventsFormtheBasisofCalendars? 6
1.1Whatareequinoxesandsolstices?............................ 7
2TheChristianCalendar 8
2.1WhatistheJuliancalendar?............................... 8
2.1.1Whatyearsareleapyears?............................ 8
2.1.2WhatconsequencesdidtheuseoftheJuliancalendarhave?.......... 9
2.2WhatistheGregoriancalendar?............................. 9
2.2.1Whatyearsareleapyears?............................ 9
2.2.2Isn’ttherea4000-yearrule?............................10
2.2.3Don’ttheGreekdoitdierently?.........................10
2.2.4WhendidcountryXchangefromtheJuliantotheGregoriancalendar?...10
2.3Whatdayistheleapday?.................................14
2.4WhatistheSolarCycle?.................................14
2.5WhatistheDominicalLetter?..............................14
2.6Whatdayoftheweekwas2August1953?........................15
2.7WhencanIreusemy1992calendar?...........................15
2.8WhatistheRomancalendar?...............................16
2.8.1HowdidtheRomansnumberdays?.......................17
2.9Whatistheprolepticcalendar?..............................18
2.10Hastheyearalwaysstartedon1January?........................18
2.11Thenwhataboutleapyears?...............................19
2.12Whatistheoriginofthenamesofthemonths?.....................20
2.13WhatisEaster?.......................................20
2.13.1WhenisEaster?(Shortanswer).........................20
2.13.2WhenisEaster?(Longanswer)..........................21
2.13.3WhatistheGoldenNumber?...........................21
2.13.4HowdoesonecalculateEasterthen?.......................21
2.13.5WhatistheEpact?................................22
2.13.6HowdoesonecalculateGregorianEasterthen?.................23
2.13.7Isn’tthereasimplerwaytocalculateEaster?..................24
2.13.8Isn’tthereanevensimplerwaytocalculateEaster?..............25
2.13.9IsthereasimplerelationshipbetweentwoconsecutiveEasters?........26
2.13.10HowfrequentlyarethedatesforEasterrepeated?...............26
2.13.11WhataboutGreekOrthodoxEaster?......................26
3
2.13.12DidtheEasterdateschangein2001?......................27
2.14Howdoesonecountyears?................................27
2.14.1HowdidDionysiusdateChrist’sbirth?.....................28
2.14.2WasJesusbornintheyear0?...........................28
2.14.3Whendidthe3rdmillenniumstart?.......................29
2.14.4WhatdoAD,BC,CE,andBCEstandfor?...................29
2.15WhatistheIndiction?...................................29
2.16WhatistheJulianPeriod?................................30
2.16.1IsthereaformulaforcalculatingtheJuliandaynumber?...........30
2.16.2WhatisthemodifiedJuliandaynumber?....................31
2.16.3WhatistheLiliandaynumber?.........................31
2.17Whatisthecorrectwaytowritedates?.........................32
3TheHebrewCalendar 33
3.1WhatdoesaHebrewyearlooklike?...........................33
3.2Whatyearsareleapyears?................................34
3.3Whatyearsaredeficient,regular,andcomplete?....................34
3.4WhenisNewYear’sday?.................................34
3.5WhendoesaHebrewdaybegin?.............................35
3.6WhendoesaHebrewyearbegin?.............................35
3.7Whenisthenewmoon?..................................35
3.8Howdoesonecountyears?................................36
4TheIslamicCalendar 37
4.1WhatdoesanIslamicyearlooklike?...........................37
4.2Soyoucan’tprintanIslamiccalendarinadvance?...................38
4.3Howdoesonecountyears?................................38
4.4WhenwilltheIslamiccalendarovertaketheGregoriancalendar?...........38
4.5Doesn’tSaudiArabiahavespecialrules?.........................38
5ThePersianCalendar 40
5.1WhatdoesaPersianyearlooklike?...........................40
5.2WhendoesthePersianyearbegin?............................40
5.3Howdoesonecountyears?................................41
5.4Whatyearsareleapyears?................................41
6TheWeek 42
6.1Whatistheoriginofthe7-dayweek?..........................42
6.2Whatdothenamesofthedaysoftheweekmean?...................42
6.3Whatisthesystembehindtheplanetarydaynames?.................43
6.4Hasthe7-dayweekcycleeverbeeninterrupted?....................44
6.5Whichdayisthedayofrest?...............................44
6.6Whatisthefirstdayoftheweek?............................44
6.7Whatistheweeknumber?................................44
6.8HowcanIcalculatetheweeknumber?..........................45
6.9Doweeksofdierentlengthsexist?............................45
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