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FrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutCalendars
Version2.6
ClausTøndering
24June2003
URL: http://www.tondering.dk/claus/calendar.html
Copyrightanddisclaimer
ThisdocumentisCopyrightc2003byClausTøndering.
E-mail:claus@tondering.dk.
Thedocumentmaybefreelydistributed,providedthiscopyrightnoticeisincludedand
nomoneyischargedforthedocument.
Thisdocumentisprovided“asis”.Nowarrantiesaremadeastoitscorrectness.
Introduction
ThisisthecalendarFAQ.ItspurposeistogiveanoverviewoftheChristian,Hebrew,
Persian,andIslamiccalendarsincommonuse.Itwillprovideahistoricalbackground
fortheChristiancalendar,plusanoverviewoftheFrenchRevolutionarycalendar,the
Mayacalendar,andtheChinesecalendar.
Commentsareverywelcome.Mye-mailaddressisgivenabove.
Iwouldliketothank
•DrMonzurAhmedoftheUniversityofBirmingham,UK,
•MichaelJAppel,
•JayBall,
•TomBox,
•ChrisCarrier,
•SimonCassidy,
•ClausDobesch,
•LeofrancHolford-Strevens,
•DavidB.KelleyoftheHamamatsuUniversitySchoolofMedicineinJapan,
•H.Koenig,
•GrahamLewis,
•DuncanMacGregor,
•MarcosMontes,
•JamesE.Morrison,
•WaleedA.MuhannaoftheFisherCollegeofBusiness,Columbus,Ohio,USA,
•StefanPotthast,
•YvesSagnieroftheCentred’EtudesdelaNavigationAerienne,
•PaulSchlyteroftheSwedishAmateurAstronomer’sSociety,
•DrJohnStockton
fortheirhelpwiththisdocument.
1
Changesinversion2.6
ThenamesforthesixadditionaldaysoftheFrenchrevolutionarycalendarhavebeen
corrected.
Afewminorcorrectionshavebeenmade.
Changesinversion2.5
Anewsection2.12.4hasbeenaddedandthefollowingsectionsrenumbered.
ThedescriptionofthecalculationoftheEpactinsection2.12.5hasbeenrewritten.
Chapter5aboutthePersiancalendarhasbeenaddedandthefollowingchaptersrenum-
bered.
Section10.5nowmentionsacoupleofcalendarbooks.
Afewminorcorrectionshavebeenmade.
Writingdatesandyears
DateswillbewrittenintheBritishformat(1January)ratherthantheAmericanformat
(January1).Dateswilloccasionallybeabbreviated:“1Jan”ratherthan“1January”.
Yearsbeforeandafterthe“ocial”birthyearofChristwillbewritten“45BC”
or“AD1997”,respectively.Ipreferthisnotationoverthesecular“45BCE”and
“1997CE”(Seealsosection2.13.4.)
The‘mod’operator
Throughoutthisdocumenttheoperator‘mod’willbeusedtosignifythemoduloor
remainderoperator.Forexample,17mod7=3becausetheresultofthedivision17/7
is2witharemainderof3.
Thetextinsquarebrackets
Squarebrackets[likethis]identifyinformationthatIamunsureaboutandaboutwhich
Iwouldlikemoreinformation.Pleasewritemeatclaus@tondering.dk.
2
Contents
1WhatAstronomicalEventsFormtheBasisofCalendars? 6
1.1Whatareequinoxesandsolstices?............................ 7
2TheChristianCalendar 8
2.1WhatistheJuliancalendar?............................... 8
2.1.1Whatyearsareleapyears?............................ 8
2.1.2WhatconsequencesdidtheuseoftheJuliancalendarhave?.......... 9
2.2WhatistheGregoriancalendar?............................. 9
2.2.1Whatyearsareleapyears?............................ 9
2.2.2Isn’ttherea4000-yearrule?............................10
2.2.3Don’ttheGreekdoitdierently?.........................10
2.2.4WhendidcountryXchangefromtheJuliantotheGregoriancalendar?...10
2.3Whatdayistheleapday?.................................14
2.4WhatistheSolarCycle?.................................14
2.5Whatdayoftheweekwas2August1953?........................14
2.6WhencanIreusemy1992calendar?...........................15
2.7WhatistheRomancalendar?...............................16
2.7.1HowdidtheRomansnumberdays?.......................17
2.8Whatistheprolepticcalendar?..............................18
2.9Hastheyearalwaysstartedon1January?........................18
2.10Thenwhataboutleapyears?...............................19
2.11Whatistheoriginofthenamesofthemonths?.....................20
2.12WhatisEaster?.......................................20
2.12.1WhenisEaster?(Shortanswer).........................20
2.12.2WhenisEaster?(Longanswer)..........................21
2.12.3WhatistheGoldenNumber?...........................21
2.12.4HowdoesonecalculateEasterthen?.......................21
2.12.5WhatistheEpact?................................22
2.12.6HowdoesonecalculateGregorianEasterthen?.................23
2.12.7Isn’tthereasimplerwaytocalculateEaster?..................24
2.12.8IsthereasimplerelationshipbetweentwoconsecutiveEasters?........25
2.12.9HowfrequentlyarethedatesforEasterrepeated?...............26
2.12.10WhataboutGreekOrthodoxEaster?......................26
2.12.11DidtheEasterdateschangein2001?......................26
2.13Howdoesonecountyears?................................27
3
2.13.1HowdidDionysiusdateChrist’sbirth?.....................27
2.13.2WasJesusbornintheyear0?...........................28
2.13.3Whendidthe3rdmillenniumstart?.......................28
2.13.4WhatdoAD,BC,CE,andBCEstandfor?...................28
2.14WhatistheIndiction?...................................29
2.15WhatistheJulianPeriod?................................29
2.15.1IsthereaformulaforcalculatingtheJuliandaynumber?...........30
2.15.2WhatisthemodifiedJuliandaynumber?....................31
2.15.3WhatistheLiliandaynumber?.........................31
2.16Whatisthecorrectwaytowritedates?.........................31
3TheHebrewCalendar 33
3.1WhatdoesaHebrewyearlooklike?...........................33
3.2Whatyearsareleapyears?................................34
3.3Whatyearsaredeficient,regular,andcomplete?....................34
3.4WhenisNewYear’sday?.................................34
3.5WhendoesaHebrewdaybegin?.............................35
3.6WhendoesaHebrewyearbegin?.............................35
3.7Whenisthenewmoon?..................................35
3.8Howdoesonecountyears?................................36
4TheIslamicCalendar 37
4.1WhatdoesanIslamicyearlooklike?...........................37
4.2Soyoucan’tprintanIslamiccalendarinadvance?...................38
4.3Howdoesonecountyears?................................38
4.4WhenwilltheIslamiccalendarovertaketheGregoriancalendar?...........38
4.5Doesn’tSaudiArabiahavespecialrules?.........................38
5ThePersianCalendar 39
5.1WhatdoesaPersianyearlooklike?...........................39
5.2WhendoesthePersianyearbegin?............................39
5.3Howdoesonecountyears?................................39
5.4Whatyearsareleapyears?................................40
6TheWeek 41
6.1Whatistheoriginofthe7-dayweek?..........................41
6.2Whatdothenamesofthedaysoftheweekmean?...................41
6.3Whatisthesystembehindtheplanetarydaynames?.................42
6.4Hasthe7-dayweekcycleeverbeeninterrupted?....................43
6.5Whichdayisthedayofrest?...............................43
6.6Whatisthefirstdayoftheweek?............................43
6.7Whatistheweeknumber?................................43
6.8HowcanIcalculatetheweeknumber?..........................44
6.9Doweeksofdierentlengthsexist?............................44
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