History of Civilizations of Central Asia v3 The Crossroads of Civilizations AD 250 to 750.pdf

ISBN978-92-3-103211-0

CONTENTS

Contents

PREFACE

DESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECT

MEMBERSOFTHEINTERNATIONALSCIENTIFICCOMMITTEE(in

alphabeticalorder)

MEMBERSOFTHEINTERNATIONALSCIENTIFICCOMMITTEE(since

1993)

MEMBERSOFTHEREADINGCOMMITTEE 19

LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS

Othercollaboratingspecialists

1HISTORICALINTRODUCTION 23

TheSasanians .................................. 24

TheGuptas ................................... 26

TheSuidynasty ................................. 27

TheT’angdynasty ............................... 28

Oasisstates ................................... 29

Ecology,geographyandclimate ........................ 29

Nomadicsocieties ................................ 31

TheHsiung-nuandtheHuns .......................... 33

TheSilkRoute ................................. 35

Cross-culturalinﬂuences ............................ 37

2SASANIANIRAN–ECONOMY,SOCIETY,ARTSANDCRAFTS 39

POLITICALHISTORY,ECONOMYANDSOCIETY ............ 40

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CONTENTS

Strugglesagainstthenorthernnomads ..................... 43

TheSasanianadministration .......................... 45

Royalcities ................................... 45

ThereformsofKhusrauI ............................ 47

Theeconomy .................................. 48

Sasaniancoins .................................. 49

Thearmy,warfareandarmaments ....................... 57

CUSTOMS,ARTSANDCRAFTS ....................... 59

Sasaniancitiesandfortiﬁcations ........................ 60

Sasaniancourtarchitecture ........................... 63

Sasanianreligiousarchitecture ......................... 66

Sasanianartandcrafts ............................. 67

3SASANIANIRAN:INTELLECTUALLIFE 81

Writtenworks .................................. 82

Secularliterature ................................ 82

Royal ResGestae ................................ 86

Religiousliterature ............................... 88

Philosophyandtheology ............................ 90

Visionaryandapocalyptictexts ......................... 90

Andarz (wisdomliterature) ........................... 91

Languagesandscripts .............................. 91

LITERATURE,SCIENCEANDRELIGION ................. 94

Borrowingsandinﬂuences ........................... 94

Scienceandphilosophy ............................. 96

Courtchroniclesandepichistories ....................... 99

Religiouslife .................................. 102

Religionandthelaw .............................. 105

4THEKUSHANO-SASANIANKINGDOM 107

Stateorganizationandadministration ...................... 107

Economy,societyandtrade ........................... 112

Religiouslife .................................. 113

Cities,architecture,artandcrafts ........................ 115

Languagesandscripts .............................. 121

5THEKIDARITEKINGDOMINCENTRALASIA 123

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CONTENTS

OriginandriseoftheKidarites ......................... 123

EarlyhistoryoftheKidarites .......................... 124

FoundationoftheKidaritestate ......................... 125

Kidara’sconquestofGandharaandKashmir .................. 126

ThedeclineoftheKidarites ........................... 127

ThenewconquestofBactriabytheSasanians(467) .............. 129

Economy,societyandpolity .......................... 130

Monetarysystemandtrade ........................... 132

Life-style,cultureandideology ......................... 136

6THEHEPHTHALITEEMPIRE 138

Origins ..................................... 138

Politicalandmilitaryhistory .......................... 141

ConquestsinGandharaandnorthernIndia ................... 144

TheHephthalitesofCentralAsia ........................ 146

Socialstructureandadministration ....................... 147

Religiouslifeandpolyandry .......................... 150

Languageandscripts .............................. 151

Towns ...................................... 152

Architecture ................................... 153

Artandcrafts .................................. 154

7EASTERNKUSHANS,KIDARITESINGANDHARAANDKASHMIR,

ANDLATERHEPHTHALITES

166

EASTERNKUSHANSANDKIDARITESINGANDHARAANDKASH-

MIR .................................... 167

EasternKushans ................................. 167

KidaritesinGandharaandKashmir ....................... 171

LaterHephthalites ................................ 173

Economicandculturalprogress ......................... 176

Sanskritreferences ............................... 178

CoinageoftheHunas .............................. 179

THELATERHEPHTHALITESINCENTRALASIA ............. 180

TheKhalaj,thesuccessorsoftheHephthalites ................. 184

UrbanlifeandartinTokharistan ........................ 186

8THEGUPTAKINGDOM

188

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CONTENTS

OriginandpoliticalhistoryoftheGuptas .................... 188

Socialandeconomicconditions ......................... 193

Administration ................................. 197

Religiouslife .................................. 199

Literature .................................... 201

Science ..................................... 202

Artandarchitecture ............................... 203

9KHWARIZM 211

HISTORYANDCULTUREOFKHWARIZM ................. 212

Uncertainearlyhistory ............................. 212

Socialstructureandadministration ....................... 215

Art,architecture,religionandlanguage ..................... 222

AL-BIRUNIONKHWARIZM ......................... 227

TheKhwarizmiancalendar ........................... 227

Khwarizmianeras ................................ 229

Religiousbeliefs ................................. 230

TheArabconquest ............................... 233

10SOGDIANA 237

SUGHDANDADJACENTREGIONS .................... 237

Economic,culturalandsociallife ........................ 242

Artandarchitecture ............................... 244

Religiouslife .................................. 249

Scripts,epicsandliterarysources ....................... 255

USTRUSHANA,FERGHANA,CHACHANDILAK ............. 262

Ustrushana ................................... 262

Ferghana ..................................... 275

ChachandIlak ................................. 278

11THECITY-STATESOFTHETARIMBASIN 282

Geographyandclimate ............................. 282

Peoplesandlanguages ............................. 284

Sociallifeandtheeconomy ........................... 286

Shan-shan:administrativesystem ........................ 288

Politicalupheavals ............................... 289

Trade ...................................... 291

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