designyearbook2008_part1.pdf

Project

Jeddah Central District

Location

Jeddah, Kingdom of

Saudi Arabia

Client

Urban Development Company

04 05

Foreword

Why do clients come to Arup? They don’t come just because we

can help them design a new building, plan a new city, or redevelop

an infrastructure. They come because of the way in which we do it.

They come because we bring elegant simplicity to complex issues.

They come because of our unique approach, our focus on solutions

– innovative, sustainable solutions that help them keep ahead in a

world of transformation.

Our vision of what constitutes design evolves with, and augments,

the rapidly changing needs and issues of people across the world.

We deliver precedent-setting solutions for today, that make all our

tomorrows more possible and exciting. Creativity, innovation and

technical excellence, are, in our view inherent to the design process.

This book is an illustration of how we approach those things. It is a

testament to our clients’ aspirations.

Reconnecting

Jeddah deies categorisation. The city known to millions as the

starting point for Hajj – the annual pilgrimage in the Muslim calendar

to the holy city of Mecca – is a bustling commercial centre, a thriving

Saudi holiday resort, and the third largest industrial city in the Kingdom.

More than a thousand years of receiving pilgrims bound for Mecca and

Islam’s second holiest city, Medina, has rubbed off on Jeddah: it is the

Kingdom’s most cosmopolitan and ethnically-diverse city.

We strive to build a working environment where our different values

and perspectives are actively harnessed to create the best solutions

for our equally diverse client base. We share these ideas, and

our skills, around the globe. These solutions are abstracted and

developed by professionals all over the irm’s worldwide ofices.

Innovation is pushed into new areas of the industry, new areas of

the built environment, new products and new applications in different

places. In all this, clients come irst, wherever they may be.

the sea

Jeddah’s cityscape has been driven by function, inluenced by fashion

and inanced by oil revenue. Early development in the 1930s encircled

the historical centre, and the north-south infrastructure is a legacy of the

old airport road. The seemingly limitless availability of petrol is relected in

the city’s urban road grid, whose sheer scale makes car use inevitable.

With no rail or mass transit infrastructure – pilgrims are bussed to the

holy sites – it is truly a car owner’s town.

As the commercial capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and gateway to the

holiest cities in Islam, Jeddah has unique development needs. Its population growth

has left its infrastructure struggling, including the sewerage system, whose failure

has caused some of Jeddah’s lagoons to stagnate, inhibiting development along

the waterfront. Arup’s strategic masterplan for the central district transforms the

waterfront area and provides good public transport infrastructure and well-ventilated

thoroughfares. The effect will be to enhance Jeddah’s appeal to commercial

developers and therefore its land values. The planned higher density development

allows public space to increase by a third. The result will be a city that loses none

of its historic signiicance or charm, but gains the best of modern design.

This book gives you an insight into the work we have been doing

this year. With more than 10,000 Arup projects going on at any one

time, the projects you can read about here are just a small selection.

Resolving clients’ challenges is Arup’s mission. We like nothing

better than making possible what others think impossible. This book

demonstrates Arup’s commitment, which we share with our clients

everywhere: to shape a better world

Arup was charged with creating a masterplan for the strategic

development of a ‘protected zone’ of ive square kilometres between

the ancient centre and the waterfront. With a 35% increase in the

area of open public space and the potential development for up to

20Mm 2 of mixed-use development, the plan improves the quality of

life for Jeddah’s citizens, and inances the regeneration of the historic

old city centre’s heritage.

Jeddah with

06 07

Cleaning up

The rejuvenation of the city’s coastal area is vital for the masterplan’s success. A mere 300mm

difference between high and low tide means that Jeddah’s inner harbours will never be cleansed

naturally by tidal movement alone. Rejecting the idea of energy-hungry water pumping, the

masterplan team recommended that two dead coral reefs be built up into a water storage basin.

Developed by Dutch irm Aveco de Bondt, the basin is a key element of the development strategy.

The one-kilometre-square, 15m-deep basin, captures clean seawater at high tide. As the tide ebbs,

the water level within the basin falls, and gravity forces seawater down the pipelines into the inner

harbour, pushing stagnant water back out to sea. Over 10 years, the harbours will gradually be

cleansed by the tides, creating a more attractive – and more valuable – shoreline.

Recovering the waterfront

The development of 12km of coast line for

development increases public open space by 35%.

A key element of any sustainable development is

a move away from private vehicles, towards public

transport. Here the challenges are considerable.

While social and environmental aspects of

sustainability are broadly accepted by the public,

the energy side of sustainability is, for historical

reasons, less so. Though there is strong support

for the concept of public transport, there are also

cultural barriers to overcome.

Public transport users in Jeddah tend to be

tourists, pilgrims or low paid workers. Making

public transport an alternative to the private car

is essential to realising the initial aim that 10%

of all journeys in the city should be made by

public transport.

Unlike most cities, Jeddah’s waterfront is largely

undeveloped: the heavily polluted water has

discouraged development. Arup’s strategy is to

reunite the city with the sea, making a cleaner

coastline a top priority. As previously undeveloped

waterside land becomes more desirable to

developers, the value of real estate in Jeddah

will be enhanced.

Arup’s plan tackles such cultural issues by starting

small. Women, as well as men, will be able to take

public transport in the form of a shuttle bus on

short hops along the main transport thoroughfares

to destinations such as food markets. They can

access eficient, reliable public transport within a

few minutes of their homes. If public transport can

become an accepted feature of life in the city, it will

promote a more sustainable lifestyle for all residents

of this ancient, fascinating city

Key to encouraging thriving commercial development

is a series of thoroughfares from the historical centre

to the waterfront. Oriented east/west to achieve

optimum shading through the day and to provide

shelter from the elements, the thoroughfares are

lined with carefully designed clusters of high-rise

buildings. The topology mimics that of mountains

and valleys, with prevailing winds sweeping along

the valley loors and promoting ventilation.

Arup’s six key ideas for Jeddah

1 Recover the waterfront

• Develop 12km of coastline

• Increase public open space by 35%

2 Clean coastal water

• Improve water quality in a 10 year plan

3 Expand the city centre

• Finance regeneration through a thriving

economic centre

4 Maximise accessibility

• Create new infrastructure elements

• Introduce high-quality public transport

5 Work with the climate

• Allow prevailing winds into the city

• Orientate urban fabric to minimise

energy use

6 Reunite the city with the sea

• Create new passages to the waterfront

• Increase shaded area

These thoroughfares provide easy access for

pedestrians and buses alike. The high density of

development along them means that, overall, the

central district will be more accessible and less reliant

on the private car. Public space within the central

district will be diverse, featuring mosques, squares,

retail, market or gathering places – the better to

draw people outside. Like the souk, and traditional

buildings in the vernacular style, these public

areas will shield people from the sun effectively.

Project

Centre Pompidou-Metz

Location

Metz, France

Client

Ville de Metz

Project

Fulton Street Transit Center:

Arts for Transit Sculpture –

Cable Net Structure

Location

New York, New York, USA

Client

MTA Capital Construction

A universal component was modelled

using 3-D parametric software, which

allowed the design team to ensure its

geometry works in all of the hundreds

of positions throughout the net.

The model automatically generated

stick elements from the complex

geometry, shown as coloured

lines, that served as the basis for

structural analysis.

Parameters such as distances and radii

deine the geometry of the component in

a way that allows for simple reinements

to the solid geometry and associated

stick elements.

08 09

Raising the roof

parametrics

Currently under construction, the Fulton Street Transit Center

will be the focal point of New York City Transit’s subway network in

Lower Manhattan. Arup is the design engineer for the entire project.

The centre’s proposed architectural feature is a skewed futuristic

sculpture made of cables and panels, designed to it within the

station’s central dome. The complexity of its non-uniform geometry

was a challenge conceived by the winner of the Metropolitan

Transportation Authority’s Arts for Transit design competition,

James Carpenter Design Associates. It is known as the Arts

for Transit Sculpture cable net.

Rather than having separate architectural and structural models,

which have to be updated separately every time a change is made,

the design team linked the two models. They created a relationship

between them: when one was changed the other automatically

updated. The process couples the techniques of Building Information

Modelling with the power of parametric design, so that the individual

system components are each deined by their geometry rather than

their dimensions.

Thirty years on from the

opening of the Centre

Pompidou in Paris, Arup

is once again creating

an iconic landmark

building in France as

part of the design team

for the Pompidou-Metz.

It is conceived as a

sister gallery to the Paris

landmark – just as bold

and spectacular. The

challenge is to realise an

architectural dream that

epitomises a revitalised

city and spearheads a

large urban regeneration

project taking shape on

abandoned railway sidings.

The city of Metz is located in eastern France, close to the

borders of four countries: Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands

and Luxembourg. As such the city is at the crossroads of Europe,

making it a natural choice for the new Centre Pompidou, designed

to decentralise the Paris gallery’s vast collection of contemporary art.

The concept of a timber roof interlaced with planks that weave

and stack together, was the brainchild of Arup. It is particularly

innovative, providing the designers with a solution to their biggest

technical issue on the project. By any account the roof is an

extraordinary structure. The irregular, doubly-curved shell measures

90m at its widest and wraps around the buildings below. The hexagons

and triangles that make up the undulating curves of the roofwork

work in tension and compression as the roof surface varies.

With every advance in

materials, manufacturing

processes and computing

power, designers have

become ever-more daring

and complex in their

visions. The centrepiece

for New York’s Fulton

Street Transit Center –

a relective cable net

that ills a domed atrium

– is one such design that

pushes the boundaries

of what is possible

both aesthetically and

structurally thanks, in

part, to new computer

modelling methods.

The design team was able to change a single attribute, such as

the length or diameter of a component, and see instantly the

impact it had on the entire structure and the hundreds of other

subcomponents, each with its own speciic attributes. This model

could then report the impact of these augmentations on the cable

net’s performance, down to the most subtle eccentricities.

The design team, led by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban with

Arup, was selected in an architectural competition. As the irm

that helped realise the original Centre Pompidou in Paris in the

1970s, Arup is now integral to the design of its regional heir, the

Centre Pompidou-Metz. Arup’s wide experience of high-proile

civic projects and art galleries, as well as its interdisciplinary

design approach, provided strong partnership for the cutting-edge

architectural team.

Although Shigeru Ban has a physical approach to architecture and

prefers to work with real models rather than with digital simulations,

the complexity of the roof necessitated the help of high-tech

computer modelling. Arup began by deining the roof geometry

from a number of anchor points, using software created to assist

the design of tensioned fabric structures. From this a complex

calculation model was produced, based on the properties and

dimensions of the planks and their assembly. This provided the

necessary understanding of how the roof would behave, and how

it could be built.

The new design process validated the design in a way that no other

technique made possible. In the process, Arup developed a general

methodology for dealing with similar design challenges

The gallery’s stunning design combines three contrasting materials

that are inter-related and derive support from each other. A steel

tower sits at the building’s core, providing the kernel of stability.

Springing from the tower are the three exhibition galleries: concrete

tubes that stack on top of each other at various angles like a game

of ‘pick-up sticks’. A striking woven wooden roof, inspired by a

popular Chinese farmer’s hat, envelops the entire structure, tying all

the elements together and creating a public forum and 22m-high

exhibition space for major art installations.

The cable net uses tensioned cables to hold its shape. Each of

the 1,000 components has unique stresses. To reduce costs and

labour, Arup tested each one virtually before construction, to

ensure they would perform under the strain of the hundreds of

unique conigurations generated by the geometry of the sculpture.

The project

The new Fulton Street Transit Center stretches over three city

blocks and will handle at least 275,000 passenger movements

per day, connecting 12 existing lines. Arup has led the design

development of the entire project, working with Grimshaw

Architects on the architectural design for the main Transit Center

structure; HDR Daniel Frankfurt on the modiications of the

stations; and Page Ayres Cowley Architects, responsible for

rehabilitation of the existing Corbin Building, part of the Center.

With over 180m visitors, the 30-year-old Centre Pompidou in Paris

is France’s third most visited monument, after the Eiffel Tower and

the Louvre. When complete, its counterpart Centre Pompidou-Metz

will provide a new city with an equally emblematic symbol, and

become a cultural landmark for the region

Ordinarily, a structure has an architectural graphic model that

represents how it will ultimately look, and a separate structural model

to deine the performance. With the cable net it was impossible to use

existing static 3-D modelling methods, because its overall geometry

changed with even minor modiications to the design. Arup’s solution

was to develop a computer-based design technique that allowed the

team to work lexibly and interactively with the model.

main image © CA2M/Shigeru Ban Architects

Europe & Jean de Gastines/Artefactory

bookmark image © Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners Ltd

main image © MTA-CC/NYCT Arup

The power of

Project

Portland Aerial Tramway

Location

Portland, Oregon, USA

Client

City of Portland

Project

Heathrow Personal Rapid

Transit System, Phase 1

Location

London, UK

Client

Advanced Transport

Systems and BAA

ULTra PRT is the realisation of more than half a century’s

research into ‘on demand’ personal rapid transit.

10 11

Back with feet irmly on the ground, the future comes a step

closer for passengers at London’s Heathrow Airport. They will soon

experience the world’s irst driverless and automated taxi service

– ULTra personal rapid transit (PRT). It is set to revolutionise how

passengers are transported around the airport. Individual pods, each

holding around four people, will travel along an elevated ‘guideway’

between a perimeter car park and Terminal 5 in just four minutes.

be elevated to soar above the ground-level congestion that usually

affects new building projects in operational airports. The low-energy,

battery powered pods offer signiicant environmental beneits over

cars and buses, as well as lower running costs.

Arup has worked with the pioneer of ULTra for over a decade and

has designed the guideway for the project – a slim and lightweight

steel structure with a concrete running surface. As the project is

a world irst, there are no speciic standards for this new form of

transit, so Arup has drawn on best practice and standards from

across the industry to develop a new design code.

Upwardly

The pods are managed by a central control system, ensuring that for

the majority of travellers an empty vehicle will be ready and waiting at

the station. Passengers will select their destination before boarding

and the pod will take them there in comfort at speeds of up to

40 km/hr. Each journey is non-stop. And because the pods offer

the privacy of a car, everyone is guaranteed a seat.

ULTra PRT is the realisation of over 50 years’ research into ‘on

demand’ personal rapid transit by engineers and transport planners.

It is ideal for Heathrow: the visually pleasing guideway can easily

mobile

If the trial proves a success, BAA, which owns and operates

Heathrow, has plans to extend ULTra across the airport, and

city-centre versions are certain to follow. All eyes will be on this

interesting project as a potential solution to the challenge of moving

people around congested areas more eficiently and sustainably

than at present

Although separated by the Atlantic Ocean, Arup’s approach to

design innovation links two very different but equally inspiring

transport systems. Portland’s new cable car Aerial Tram is

helping to build a positive future for one of the city’s most

underutilised neighbourhoods, while Heathrow Airport’s ULTra

personal rapid transport system brings the world of science

iction one automated step closer.

A spirit of friendly rivalry exists between the three cities of

San Francisco, Portland and Seattle on the USA’s West Coast.

Each places an emphasis on clean living and green transport

solutions. But by bridging the divide between two very different

communities, the city of Portland has created a sustainable

transport system that sets it apart from the competition.

The Portland Aerial Tramway, designed with agps Architects, was

conceived to connect the hilltop campus of Oregon Health and

Science University Hospital with its new premises downhill along

the waterfront. This would provide the adjacent neighbourhoods

with a crucial transport link, as a steep elevation and a winding

mountain road otherwise separate the communities with numerous

busy junctions.

engineering challenge, however, came in deciding the form of the

upper station and central support tower; the former is located on a

steep slope surrounded by existing buildings. The Arup team used

3-D modelling and analysis to test the structures under a variety of

different conditions, including the constant and varying forces exerted

on them from the tram cables, temperature changes, wind variations

and lateral loads.

The 200ft-tall upper station is an open steel structure faced with

expanded aluminium cladding. Arup speciied a concrete core

wall and diagonal steel legs to provide dual structural stability with

substantial lateral and torsional stiffness in all directions. The striking

geometric form of the central support tower is a result of the forces

exerted from its own weight, plus the horizontal tram cable tension

loads. The steel construction combines the necessary structural

stability with an eye-catching sculptural shape.

The new Tramway soars up the mountain in just three minutes,

at heights of up to 175ft above the ground. The cabins carry 79

passengers at a time, helping to alleviate an otherwise congested

trafic area. Arup designed the Tramway’s upper and lower stations

and its 197ft central support tower, all of which have to endure

constant and substantial loads. The most structurally complex

The resulting elegant forms provide an eficient, timesaving transport

link, and have helped drive investment and renewal in the previously

underused Waterfront community. Since opening, the tram has

become an iconic symbol for Portland

Project

NSP Arnhem Public

Transport Terminal

Location

Arnhem, the Netherlands

Client

ProRail

“The development of high density areas

requires intense collaboration between the

different disciplines and the pooling of their

expertise. Arnhem Central is a showcase

example of this way of working. As gateways

to major cities, these type of infrastructure

projects require the highest standards of

architecture, engineering and construction.”

Ben van Berkel, UNStudio

12 13

Transport

a twist

The gateway into the Netherlands’ city of Arnhem is undergoing dramatic change.

A daring design for Arnhem Central Station’s Public Transport Terminal makes use of

a unique freeform concrete shape, providing passengers with a smooth transition to

different modes of transport. Designed in collaboration with Arup, each structural and

lighting element is not only completely integrated into the architecture, but intrinsic to

the design’s success.

Arnhem Central Station is a major player in the

Netherlands’ public transport network, at the centre

of many passengers’ local and long-distance journeys.

It sits on the high-speed rail link between Amsterdam

and Frankfurt: 55,000 travellers move through the

station each weekday. Six different modes of transport

converge at the station, including trains, buses,

trolleybuses and taxis. The new Public Transport

Terminal is designed so that each can co-exist and

complement each other.

ind their way using only intuition, rather than needing to

follow a marked-out route. Passengers will be guided

by gently inclined surfaces as they switch their mode

of transport. Artiicial lighting and shafts of daylight

will highlight the architecture and direct people across

the terminal’s stunning open spaces. Soaring twists of

concrete support the long, elegant span of hall and roof.

Lighting design played an important role in the project.

In addition to its obvious functional use in enabling

people to move around safely, Arup used light to

draw people from space to space, accentuating the

various architectural principles and creating a visual

reference for visitors to the terminal. The free-form

nature of the building meant that the only way to plan

the lighting design was to place each proposed light

within in a complete 3-D model of the station. Each

lamp was programmed with its real-life light distribution;

simulations were run to determine the lighting design.

Consideration of pedestrians played a central role

in the design of the terminal. Much time was spent

investigating the low of the station: the way people

will move around it, and how they respond to different

inluences. Moreover, detailed research went into how

different transport systems connect with the station,

and the way people respond to the architecture that

surrounds them. The design team used the indings

to create clear lines of vision and short cuts throughout

the Public Transport Terminal, to ensure an eficient

space and journey.

The footprint of the site is relatively small for such a

demanding brief, so a priority for designers Arup and

UNStudio was to develop a masterplan that made

the most of the available space. This led to a unique

structural design and vertical transport solution with

the Public Transport Terminal at its core. By building

above and below ground, the surface area of the site

was increased from 40,000 to 160,000m 2 . This created

room for ofices, shops, homes, a new station hall, a

railway platform and underpass, a car tunnel, bicycle

storage and a large parking garage.

The building’s natural light can be seen as one of its

greatest architectural assets. Daylight will highlight the

sculptural elements of the Public Transport Terminal

and at night light will spill out of the terminal illuminating

the building.

In 2005, the Arnhem Central Station Public Transport

Terminal won the Schreudersprize for its innovative,

multiple-use, underground construction. The jury

considered the client to have shown courage, vision

and ambition. The project’s underground parking

has also been recognised by the Dutch automobile

association, ANWB, as the best parking garage in the

Netherlands. Arup’s multidisciplinary approach helped

realise a whole new way of looking at station design,

linking architectural expression to human behaviour in

a unique and enlightening way

The complex shape of the Public Transport Terminal

made it extremely dificult to engineer. Such advanced

geometry involved in realising the free-form shape

meant the structure had to be modelled in 3-D in order

to reach the correct calculations. The geometry of the

Public Transport Terminal’s striking glass façade also

proved challenging. Specialist engineers from Arup

were brought in to look at its integration with the rest

of the structural design.

The crux of the design is the striking Public Transport

Terminal that will handle the bulk of passenger

interchange. Arup and UNStudio have produced a

space without columns, which is designed around the

people who will use it. The Public Transport Terminal’s

architectural form will guide pedestrians so they can

with

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