python_book_01.pdf

A Python Book: Beginning Python, Advanced

Python, and Python Exercises

Author:

Dave Kuhlman

Address:

dkuhlman@rexx.comx

http://www.rexx.com/~dkuhlman

Page 1

revision

1.0a

date

March 31, 2009

subject to the provisions of the Open Source MIT License

http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mitlicense.php.

Abstract

This document is a selflearning document for a course in Python programming.

This course contains (1) a part for beginners, (2) a discussion of several

advanced topics that are of interest to Python programmers, and (3) a Python

workbook with lots of exercises.

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Table of Contents

1 Part 1 Beginning Python........................................................................................8

1.1 Introduction Python 101 Beginning Python...............................................8

1.1.1 Important Features of Python....................................................................8

1.1.2 Where to Go For Additional help..............................................................9

1.2 Interactive Python..............................................................................................9

1.3 Lexical matters................................................................................................10

1.3.1 Lines.........................................................................................................10

1.3.2 Names and Tokens...................................................................................10

1.3.3 Blocks and Indentation............................................................................11

1.3.4 Doc Strings..............................................................................................11

1.3.5 Operators..................................................................................................11

1.3.6 Also See...................................................................................................12

1.3.7 Code Evaluation.......................................................................................13

1.4 Builtin Data Types.........................................................................................13

1.4.1 Strings......................................................................................................13

1.4.1.1 What strings are................................................................................13

1.4.1.2 When to use strings..........................................................................13

1.4.1.3 How to use strings............................................................................14

1.4.2 Sequences Lists and Tuples..................................................................16

1.4.2.1 What sequences are..........................................................................16

1.4.2.2 When to use sequences.....................................................................17

1.4.2.3 How to use sequences......................................................................17

1.4.3 Dictionaries..............................................................................................19

1.4.3.1 What dictionaries are........................................................................19

1.4.3.2 When to use dictionaries..................................................................20

1.4.3.3 How to use dictionaries....................................................................20

1.4.4 Files..........................................................................................................23

1.4.4.1 What files are...................................................................................23

1.4.4.2 When to use files..............................................................................23

1.4.4.3 How to use files................................................................................23

1.4.4.4 Reading Text Files...........................................................................23

1.5 Simple Statements...........................................................................................25

1.5.1 print statement..........................................................................................25

1.5.2 Assignment statement..............................................................................26

1.5.3 import statement......................................................................................27

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1.5.4 assert statement........................................................................................28

1.5.5 global statement.......................................................................................29

1.6 Compound statments Control Structures.....................................................30

1.6.1 if: statement..............................................................................................30

1.6.2 for: statement...........................................................................................31

1.6.2.1 The for: statement and unpacking....................................................33

1.6.3 while: statement.......................................................................................34

1.6.4 try:except: and raise Exceptions...........................................................35

1.7 Organization....................................................................................................37

1.7.1 Functions..................................................................................................37

1.7.1.1 A basic function...............................................................................37

1.7.1.2 A function with default arguments...................................................37

1.7.1.3 Argument lists and keyword argument lists.....................................37

1.7.1.4 Calling a function with keyword arguments....................................38

1.7.2 Classes and instances...............................................................................39

1.7.2.1 A basic class.....................................................................................39

1.7.2.2 Inheritance........................................................................................40

1.7.2.3 Class data.........................................................................................41

1.7.2.4 Static methods and class methods....................................................41

1.7.2.5 Properties..........................................................................................43

1.7.3 Modules...................................................................................................44

1.7.4 Packages...................................................................................................46

1.8 Acknowledgements and Thanks......................................................................47

1.9 See Also...........................................................................................................48

2 Part 2 Advanced Python......................................................................................49

2.1 Introduction Python 201 (Slightly) Advanced Python Topics.................49

2.2 Regular Expressions........................................................................................49

2.2.1 Defining regular expressions...................................................................49

2.2.2 Compiling regular expressions................................................................50

2.2.3 Using regular expressions........................................................................50

2.2.4 Using match objects to extract a value....................................................51

2.2.5 Extracting multiple items.........................................................................52

2.2.6 Replacing multiple items.........................................................................53

2.3 Iterator Objects................................................................................................55

2.3.1 Example A generator function...............................................................57

2.3.2 Example A class containing a generator method...................................58

2.3.3 Example An iterator class......................................................................59

2.3.4 Example An iterator class that uses yield..............................................61

2.3.5 Example A list comprehension..............................................................62

2.3.6 Example A generator expression...........................................................62

2.4 Unit Tests.........................................................................................................63

2.4.1 Defining unit tests....................................................................................63

2.4.1.1 Create a test class.............................................................................63

2.5 Extending and embedding Python...................................................................65

2.5.1 Introduction and concepts........................................................................65

2.5.2 Extension modules...................................................................................66

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2.5.3 SWIG.......................................................................................................68

2.5.4 Pyrex........................................................................................................71

2.5.5 SWIG vs. Pyrex.......................................................................................75

2.5.6 Cython......................................................................................................76

2.5.7 Extension types........................................................................................77

2.5.8 Extension classes.....................................................................................77

2.6 Parsing.............................................................................................................78

2.6.1 Special purpose parsers............................................................................78

2.6.2 Writing a recursive descent parser by hand.............................................78

2.6.3 Creating a lexer/tokenizer with Plex........................................................85

2.6.4 A survey of existing tools........................................................................94

2.6.5 Creating a parser with PLY......................................................................94

2.6.6 Creating a parser with pyparsing...........................................................100

2.6.6.1 Parsing commadelimited lines......................................................100

2.6.6.2 Parsing functors..............................................................................101

2.6.6.3 Parsing names, phone numbers, etc...............................................102

2.6.6.4 A more complex example..............................................................103

2.7 GUI Applications...........................................................................................105

2.7.1 Introduction............................................................................................105

2.7.2 PyGtk.....................................................................................................105

2.7.2.1 A simple message dialog box.........................................................105

2.7.2.2 A simple text input dialog box.......................................................107

2.7.2.3 A file selection dialog box.............................................................109

2.7.3 EasyGUI.................................................................................................111

2.7.3.1 A simple EasyGUI example...........................................................112

2.7.3.2 An EasyGUI file open dialog example..........................................112

2.8 Guidance on Packages and Modules.............................................................112

2.8.1 Introduction............................................................................................112

2.8.2 Implementing Packages.........................................................................112

2.8.3 Using Packages......................................................................................113

2.8.4 Distributing and Installing Packages.....................................................113

2.9 End Matter.....................................................................................................114

2.9.1 Acknowledgements and Thanks............................................................115

2.9.2 See Also.................................................................................................115

3 Part 3 Python Workbook...................................................................................116

3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................116

3.2 Lexical Structures..........................................................................................116

3.2.1 Variables and names..............................................................................116

3.2.2 Line structure.........................................................................................118

3.2.3 Indentation and program structure.........................................................119

3.3 Execution Model............................................................................................120

3.4 Builtin Data Types.......................................................................................121

3.4.1 Numbers.................................................................................................121

3.4.1.1 Literal representations of numbers.................................................121

3.4.1.2 Operators for numbers....................................................................123

3.4.1.3 Methods on numbers......................................................................125

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