chap29.pdf
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Pobierz
Latin America
1945 – Present
Section 1
General Trends in Latin America
Section 2
Mexico, Cuba, and Central America
Section 3
The Nations of South America
MAKING CONNECTIONS
How can trade embargos affect
a nation?
The low number of modern automobiles on the streets of Cuba
today is a constant reminder of the ongoing trade embargo imposed in
1960 by the United States. The embargo prohibits trade with Cuba,
including vehicles and replacement parts. In this chapter you will learn
about other economic, social, and political issues in Latin America.
• If the trade embargo were lifted, how might the United States and
Cuba benefit?
• If the United States could not trade with other nations, what
products would you have to do without?
1946
Juan Perón
elected
president of
Argentina
1959
Fidel Castro
seizes power
in Cuba
1970
Marxist Salvador
Allende elected
president of Chile
L
ATIN
A
MERICA
1945
1965
T
HE
W
ORLD
1945
World War II
ends
1967
Civil war erupts
in Nigeria
958
Lester Cole/CORBIS, Alejandro Ernesto/epa/CORBIS
Lat
in
American
Country
Summarizing
Create
a Folded Table with
three columns. In the
first column, list Latin
American nations. In
the second and third
columns, summarize
information about each nation’s economy
and leaders since 1945.
2007
Daniel Ortega elected
president of
Nicaragua
1989
U.S. troops
depose Panama’s
Manuel Noriega
1985
2005
1991
Boris Yeltsin becomes
president of Russia
(ISTORY
/.,).%
Chapter Overview—
Visit
glencoe.com
to preview Chapter 29.
Alejandro Ernesto/epa/CORBIS, (t) Susana Gonzalez/Bloomberg News/Landov, (b) Boris Yurchenko/AP Images
General Trends in Latin America
During the second half of the twentieth century, Latin
American countries faced many economic, social, and political
challenges. These challenges arose from a rise in population, a
large foreign debt, and ongoing foreign military involvement.
During this time of instability and change, Latin Americans
looked to new artists to reflect the future hopes of the region.
GUIDE TO READING
The BIG Idea
Order and Stability
Economic instability
led some Latin American countries to move toward
democracy, while the United States intervened to
protect its interests.
Content Vocabulary
• multinational corporations
(p
. 960)
• megacity
(p
. 962)
• magic realism
(p.
964)
Economic and Political Developments
Dependence on foreign imports and investments led to serious eco-
nomic and political problems in Latin America.
HISTORY & YOU
What happens when a nation imports more than it exports?
Read to learn about the causes of economic instability in Latin America.
Academic Vocabulary
• consent
(p.
961)
• ongoing
(p.
961)
People and Places
• Chile
(p.
960)
• Brazil
(p.
960)
• Argentina
(p.
960)
Since the 1800s, Latin Americans had exported raw materials
and bought manufactured goods from industrialized countries.
The Great Depression caused exports to fall, and revenues to buy
manufactured goods declined. In response, Latin Americans
developed industries to produce their own goods.
• Bolivia
(p.
962)
• Peru
(p.
962)
• Colombia
(p.
962)
• Organization of American States (OAS)
(p
. 962)
• Gabriel García Márquez
(p
. 964)
• Oscar Niemeyer
(p
. 965)
Economic Instability
By the 1960s, however, Latin American countries were still expe-
riencing economic problems. They depended on the United States,
Europe, and Japan, especially for the advanced technology needed
for modern industries. Also, many Latin American countries had
failed to find markets abroad to sell their manufactured products.
These economic failures led to political instability. In the 1960s,
repressive military regimes in
Chile,
Brazil,
and
Argentina
abol-
ished political parties and returned to export-import economies
financed by foreigners. These regimes also encouraged
multinational corporations
(companies with divisions in more
than two countries) to come to Latin America. This made these
Latin American countries even more dependent on industrialized
nations. In the 1970s, Latin American countries tried to maintain
their weak economies by borrowing money. Between 1970 and
1982, debt to foreigners grew from $27 billion to $315.3 billion. A
number of Latin American economies began to crumble. Wages
fell, and unemployment and inflation skyrocketed.
Many people believed that governments had taken control of
too many industries. Trying to industrialize too quickly had led to
the decline of the economy in the countryside as well. As the
economy declined, people continued to move from the country-
side into the cities.
Reading Strategy
Categorizing Information
As you read,
use a diagram like the one below to identify social
and political challenges in Latin America since 1945.
Social
Challenges
Political
Challenges
960
MAIN LATIN AMERICAN EXPORTS IN THE 1990s
MEXICO
CUBA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
Manufactured
goods
Oil/petroleum
products
Sugar cane
Tobacco
Wheat
Bananas
Cattle
Coffee
Copper
Fish/fish
products
20°N
HAITI
BELIZE
HONDURAS
NICARAGUA
GUYANA
SURINAME
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
Population of Latin
A
merica, 1950–2020
COSTA RICA
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
700
600
COLOMBIA
ECUADOR
FRENCH
GUIANA
Fr.
500
i
ve
zo
400
300
BRAZIL
PERU
PACIFIC
OCEAN
200
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
BOLIVIA
100
PARAGUAY
0
Year
CHILE
Note: Populations for 2010 and 2020
are projections.
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
0
1,000 kilometers
URUGUAY
0
1,000 miles
40°S
ARGENTINA
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
Gross Domestic Product per Capita
10,172
Argentina
10,807
7,204
Brazil
6,669
12,141
Chile
6,674
2003
1980
1.
Human-Environment Interaction
Based on the map, describe a common
way that Mexico and Venezuela have
altered the environment to take advantage
of their natural resources.
2.
Regions
Select four Latin American coun-
tries and make a table showing their gross
domestic product per capita in 1980 and
2003 and their main exports in the 1990s.
7,938
Mexico
7,200
3,410
Nicaragua
5,296
5,762
Panama
8,243
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Constant International U.S. Dollars
Source:
Center for International Comparisons of Production,
Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania.
A Move Toward Democracy
With the debt crisis in the 1980s came a
movement toward democracy. Some mili-
tary leaders could not deal with their
nations’ debt problems. At the same time,
many realized that military power without
popular
consent
could not maintain a
strong state. By the mid-1990s, several
democratic regimes had been established.
The movement toward democracy was
the most noticeable trend of the 1980s and
the early 1990s in Latin America. Yet the
revival of democracy was fragile. Global-
ization and the
ongoing
burden of foreign
debt stressed several Latin American
countries enough that they elected authori-
tarian figures in the 1990s. In 1992, for
example, President Alberto Fujimori
returned Peru to an authoritarian system.
✓
Reading Check
Explaining
Why did the debt
crisis of the 1980s create a movement toward
democracy?
CHAPTER 29
Latin America
961
Latin American Society
The U.S. and Latin America
Economic and population problems
have been critical to shaping modern Latin America.
HISTORY & YOU
Do you know a city where fast
growth has created traffic jams and urban sprawl?
Read to learn about megacities in Latin America.
During the Cold War, the United States
provided aid to anti-Communist regimes in Latin
America.
HISTORY & YOU
What other countries received aid
from the United States during the Cold War? Read to
learn how the United States sent troops to protect its
interests in Latin America.
Latin America’s economic problems
have been made worse by its dramatic
growth in population. Between 1950 and
2000, the population in Latin America
more than tripled. The population is
expected to reach 584 million by 2010 and
643 million by 2020.
With the increase in population came a
rapid rise in the size of cities. By 2000, 50
cities in Latin America and the Caribbean
had more than one million people. Six
Latin American cities are included among
the world’s 32 most populous cities. For
instance, Buenos Aires has a population of
over 13 million; São Paulo, over 18 million;
and Mexico City, over 19 million. Analysts
refer to such cities as megacities. A
megacity
not only has a huge population, but also
has grown so fast that regular urban ser-
vices cannot be provided. Slums and shan-
tytowns are found in many megacities.
Crime and corruption from the interna-
tional drug trade are also found mostly in
the larger cities, especially those in
Bolivia,
Peru,
and
Colombia.
The gap between the poor and the rich
has remained huge in Latin America. In
many Latin American countries, the poor
still live in villages. Landholding and urban
elites own huge estates and businesses,
while peasants and the urban poor strug-
gle to survive. They have little money for
consumer goods.
Latin American women’s roles have
changed. Although the traditional role of
homemaker continues, women have also
moved into new jobs. In addition to farm
labor, women have found jobs in industry
and as teachers, professors, doctors, and
lawyers.
The United States has long played a
major role in Latin America. Business
investment by U.S. companies was one of
the reasons the United States often inter-
vened in Latin American affairs. U.S. inves-
tors would often pressure the U.S.
government to prevent social and political
change in Latin America—even if that
meant backing dictators.
U.S. Military Involvement
For years, the United States had sent
troops into Latin American countries to
protect U.S. interests and to bolster friendly
dictators. Then in the 1930s, President
Franklin D. Roosevelt began a Good Neigh-
bor policy, an effort to end such interven-
tion (see Chapter 25).
In 1948, the states of the Western Hemi-
sphere formed the
Organization of
American States (OAS).
The OAS also
emphasized the need for Latin American
independence. It passed a resolution call-
ing for an end to military action by one
state in the affairs of another. The forma-
tion of the OAS, however, did not end U.S.
involvement in Latin American affairs.
Fighting Communism
Why did American involvement con-
tinue? A major reason was the onset of the
Cold War. American leaders became more
anxious about instability in Latin America.
They feared that the poverty in these coun-
tries made them ripe for Communist take-
over. The Soviet Union, they concluded,
would then have more power to threaten
U.S. interests around the globe.
Just being accused of having a link to com-
munism meant trouble for some Latin Amer-
ican presidents. For instance, Jacobo Arbenz,
president of Guatemala, was overthrown in
✓
Reading Check
Describing
What is a
megacity? What are living conditions like in
megacities?
962
SECTION 1
General Trends in Latin America
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