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Pobierz
Emerging Europe and the
Byzantine Empire
400 –1300
Section 1
Transforming the Roman World
Section 2
Feudalism
Section 3
The Growth of European Kingdoms
Section 4
Byzantine Empire and Crusades
MAKING CONNECTIONS
How important is the location of
a city?
From ancient times, Carcassonne was important because of its loca-
tion near the Pyrenees Mountains. The Romans built fortifications on
the hilltop and each ruler added to them until the 1600s. A fortified city
like Carcassonne, with a double ring of defensive walls and 53 towers,
could hold out for months against an army. In this chapter you will
learn about the beginning of the Middle Ages.
• What was the advantage of locating a city on a hilltop?
• Why might castles and fortified towns become impractical?
1066
William of
Normandy
invades
England
800
Charlemagne
crowned Roman
emperor
E
UROPE
400
700
1000
T
HE
W
ORLD
762
Abbasids build
capital at Baghdad
960
Song dynasty comes
to power in China
300
Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, age fotostock/SuperStock
European Kingdoms
England
Fr a nce
Identifying
Create a
Layered-Look Book
to identify important
people, events, and
government institutions of England,
France, the Holy Roman Empire, Central
and Eastern Europe, and Russia.
Holy Roman Empire
Central and Eastern Europe
Russia
1096
Crusades
begin
1215
King John
signs Magna
Carta
1100
1300
1187
Saladin’s army
invades Jerusalem
c. 1300
Yorubas produce metal
and terra-cotta sculptures
(ISTORY
/.,).%
Chapter Overview—
Visit
glencoe.com
to preview Chapter 9.
age fotostock/SuperStock, (t) Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works, (b) Heini Schneebeli/Bridgeman Art Library
Transforming the Roman World
Germanic tribes became the dominant political force in
Europe during the Early Middle Ages, while Christianity
became the dominant religion. Rome became the center of the
Catholic Church’s power. Ultimately a new empire emerged
that was linked to the idea of a lasting Roman Empire.
GUIDE TO READING
The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values
The new
European civilization combined Germanic, Roman,
and Christian elements.
The New Germanic Kingdoms
Content Vocabulary
• wergild
(p.
304)
• ordeal
(p.
304)
• bishopric
(p.
304)
• pope
(p.
304)
• monk
(p.
305)
• monasticism
(p.
305)
• missionary
(p.
306)
• nun
(p.
306)
• abbess
(p.
306)
The Frankish kingdom was the strongest of the early German states
and developed new laws based on the importance of family in Germanic society.
HISTORY & YOU
How might laws be different if they were based on settling
personal feuds rather than on protecting society as a whole? Read about Germanic
laws and wergild.
Academic Vocabulary
• excluded
(p.
302)
• ensure
(p.
307)
The Germanic peoples had begun to move into the lands of the
Roman Empire by the third century. The Visigoths occupied Spain
and Italy until the Ostrogoths, another Germanic tribe, took con-
trol of Italy in the fifth century. By 500, the Western Roman Empire
had been replaced by a number of states ruled by German kings.
The merging of Romans and Germans took different forms in the
various Germanic kingdoms.
Both the kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy and the kingdom of
the Visigoths in Spain retained the Roman structure of govern-
ment. However, a group of Germanic warriors came to dominate
the considerably larger native populations and eventually
excluded
Romans from holding power.
Roman influence was even weaker in Britain. When the Roman
armies abandoned Britain at the beginning of the fifth century, the
Angles and Saxons, Germanic tribes from Denmark and northern
Germany, moved in and settled there. Eventually, these peoples
became the Anglo-Saxons.
People and Places
• Clovis
(p.
302)
• Gregory I
(p.
304)
• Saint Benedict
(p.
305)
• Pépin
(p.
306)
• Charlemagne
(p.
306)
• Carolingian Empire
(p.
307)
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information
Create a
diagram like the one below to list the reasons why
monasticism was an important factor in the devel-
opment of European civilization.
The Importance of
Monasticism
The Kingdom of the Franks
Only one of the German states on the European continent
proved long lasting—the kingdom of the Franks. The Frankish
kingdom was established by
Clovis,
a strong military leader who
around 500 became the first Germanic ruler to convert to Christi-
anity. At first, Clovis had refused the pleas of his Christian wife to
adopt Christianity as his religion. According to Gregory of Tours,
a sixth-century historian, Clovis had remarked to his wife, “Your
God can do nothing.”
During a battle with another Germanic tribe, however, Clovis’s
army faced certain destruction. Clovis was reported to have cried
302
NEW GERMANIC KINGDOMS,
A
.
D
. 500
North
Sea
0°
20°E
40°E
FRISIANS
ANGLES &
SAXONS
SAXONS
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
FRANKS
LOMBARDS
ALEMANNI
BAVARIANS
ALPS
BURGUNDIANS
BASQUES
OSTROGOTHS
SUEVES
Black Sea
a
VISIGOTHS
Rome
Constantinople
VANDALS
EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
Carthage
Mediterranean Sea
New Germanic kingdoms developed in areas
that had once belonged to the Western
Roman Empire.
1.
Regions
Which Germanic kingdoms were
the largest in 500? Which Germanic group
west of the Pyrenees survives today?
2.
Movement
What prevented the Germanic
kingdoms from spreading south and east
of the Danube?
0
800 kilometers
0
800 miles
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
out, “Jesus Christ, if you shall grant me
victory over these enemies, I will believe in
you and be baptized.” After he uttered
these words, the enemy began to flee, and
Clovis soon became a Christian.
Clovis found that his conversion to
Christianity won him the support of the
Roman Catholic Church, as the Christian
church in Rome was now known. Not sur-
prisingly, the Catholic Church was eager to
gain the friendship of a major ruler in the
Germanic states.
By 510, Clovis had established a power-
ful new Frankish kingdom that stretched
from the Pyrenees in the southwest to
German lands in the east—modern-day
France and western Germany. He defeated
the many Germanic tribes surrounding
him and unified the Franks as a people.
After Clovis’s death his sons followed
Frankish custom and divided his newly
created kingdom among themselves. The
once-united Frankish kingdom came to
be divided into three major areas.
CHAPTER 9
Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire
303
The Role of the Church
Germanic Society
Over time, Germans and Romans inter-
married and began to create a new society.
As they did, some of the social customs of
the Germanic people came to play an
important role.
The crucial social bond among the Ger-
manic peoples was the family, especially
the extended family of husbands, wives,
children, brothers, sisters, cousins, and
grandparents. This extended family worked
the land together and passed it down to
future generations. The family also pro-
vided protection, which was much needed
in the violent atmosphere of the time.
The German concept of family affected
the way Germanic law treated the problem
of crime and punishment. In the Roman
system, as in our own, a crime such as
murder was considered an offense against
society or the state. Thus, a court would
hear evidence and arrive at a decision.
Germanic law, on the other hand, was per-
sonal. An injury by one person against
another could mean a blood feud, and the
feud could lead to savage acts of revenge.
To avoid bloodshed, a new system devel-
oped, based on a fine called
wergild
(WUHR•gihld). Wergild was the amount
paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the
person he or she had injured or killed. Wer-
gild, which means “money for a man,” was
the value of a person in money. The value
varied according to social status. An offense
against a member of the nobility, for exam-
ple, cost considerably more than an offense
against an ordinary person or a slave.
Germanic laws were now established by
custom, not at the whim of a king or codi-
fied like Roman law.
One means of determining guilt in Ger-
manic law was the ordeal. The
ordeal
was
based on the idea of divine intervention.
All ordeals involved a physical trial of
some sort, such as holding a red-hot iron.
It was believed that divine forces would
not allow an innocent person to be harmed.
If the accused person was unharmed after
a physical trial, or ordeal, he or she was
presumed innocent.
The Bishop of Rome became the leader
of the Christian Church.
HISTORY & YOU
How does someone take over the
leadership of an organization? Read how the Bishop
of Rome claimed to be the leader of the Christian
Church.
By the end of the fourth century, Christi-
anity had become the supreme religion of
the Roman Empire. As the official Roman
state fell apart, the Church played an
increasingly important role in the growth
of the new European civilization.
Organization of the Church
By the fourth century, the Christian
Church had developed a system of organi-
zation. Priests led local Christian commu-
nities called parishes. A group of parishes
was headed by a bishop, whose area of
authority was called a
bishopric,
or dio-
cese. The bishoprics were joined together
under an archbishop.
Over time, one bishop—the Bishop of
Rome—began to claim that he was the
leader of what had become the Roman
Catholic Church. Catholics believed that
Jesus gave the keys to the kingdom of
Heaven to Peter, who was considered the
chief apostle and the first bishop of Rome.
Later bishops of Rome were viewed as
Peter’s successors. They came to be known
as
popes
(from the Latin word
papa,
“father”) of the Catholic Church.
Western Christians came to accept the
bishop of Rome—the pope—as head of the
Church, but they did not agree on how
much power he should have. In the sixth
century, a strong pope,
Gregory I,
known
as Gregory the Great, strengthened the
power of the papacy (office of the pope)
and the Church.
Gregory I, pope from 590 to 604, was
also leader of the city of Rome and its sur-
rounding territories (later called the Papal
States), thus giving the papacy a source of
political power. Gregory I increased his
spiritual authority over the Church in the
West. He was especially active in convert-
ing non-Christian peoples of Germanic
✓
Reading Check
Analyzing
What was the
significance of Clovis’s conversion to Christianity?
304
SECTION 1
Transforming the Roman World
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