Bridge Engineering Substructure Design.pdf

ENGINEERING

Substructure Design

EDITED BY

Wai-Fah Chen

Lian Duan

CRC PRESS

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

BRIDGE

The material in this book was ﬁrst published in

The Bridge Engineering Handbook,

CRC Press, 2000.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bridge engineering : substructure design / edited by Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-1681-2 (alk. paper)

1. Bridges—Foundations and piers—Design and construction. I. Chen, Wai-Fah, 1936-

II. Duan, Lian.

TG320 .B73 2003

624'.284—dc21

2002041117

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Foreword

Among all engineering subjects, bridge engineering is probably the most difﬁcult on which to compose

a handbook because it encompasses various ﬁelds of arts and sciences. It not only requires knowledge

and experience in bridge design and construction, but often involves social, economic, and political

activities. Hence, I wish to congratulate the editors and authors for having conceived this thick volume

and devoted the time and energy to complete it in such short order. Not only is it the ﬁrst handbook of

bridge engineering as far as I know, but it contains a wealth of information not previously available to

bridge engineers. It embraces almost all facets of bridge engineering except the rudimentary analyses and

actual ﬁeld construction of bridge structures, members, and foundations. Of course, bridge engineering

is such an immense subject that engineers will always have to go beyond a handbook for additional

information and guidance.

I may be somewhat biased in commenting on the background of the two editors, who both came from

China, a country rich in the pioneering and design of ancient bridges and just beginning to catch up

with the modern world in the science and technology of bridge engineering. It is particularly to the

editors’ credit to have convinced and gathered so many internationally recognized bridge engineers to

contribute chapters. At the same time, younger engineers have introduced new design and construction

techniques into the treatise.

This Handbook is divided into four volumes, namely:

Superstructure Design

Substructure Design

Seismic Design

Construction and Maintenance

There are 67 chapters, beginning with bridge concepts and aesthestics, two areas only recently emphasized

by bridge engineers. Some unusual features, such as rehabilitation, retroﬁt, and maintenance of bridges,

are presented in great detail. The section devoted to seismic design includes soil-foundation-structure

interaction. Another section describes and compares bridge engineering practices around the world. I am

sure that these special areas will be brought up to date as the future of bridge engineering develops.

May I advise each bridge engineer to have a desk copy of this volume with which to survey and examine

both the breadth and depth of bridge engineering.

T. Y. Lin

Professor Emeritus, University of California at Berkeley

Chairman, Lin Tung-Yen China, Inc.

Preface

is a unique, comprehensive, and the state-of-the-art reference work

and resource book covering the major areas of bridge engineering with the theme “bridge to the 21st

century.” It has been written with practicing bridge and structural engineers in mind. The ideal readers

will be M.S.-level structural and bridge engineers with a need for a single reference source to keep abreast

of new developments and the state-of-the-practice, as well as to review standard practices.

The areas of bridge engineering include planning, analysis and design, construction, maintenance, and

rehabilitation. To provide engineers a well-organized and user-friendly, easy to follow resource, the

Handbook is divided into four volumes: I, Superstructure Design II, Substructure Design III, Seismic

Design, and IV, Construction and Maintenance.

Bridge Engineering Handbook

addresses the various substructure components: bearings, piers and

columns, towers, abutments and retaining structures, geotechnical considerations, footing and founda-

tions, vessel collisions, and bridge hydraulics.

The Handbook stresses professional applications and practical solutions. Emphasis has been placed

on ready-to-use materials. It contains many formulas and tables that give immediate answers to questions

arising from practical work. It describes the basic concepts and assumptions omitting the derivations of

formulas and theories. It covers traditional and new, innovative practices. An overview of the structure,

organization, and content of the book can be seen by examining the table of contents presented at the

beginning of the book while an in-depth view of a particular subject can be seen by examining the

individual table of contents preceding each chapter. References at the end of each chapter can be consulted

for more detailed studies.

The chapters have been written by many internationally known authors from different countries

covering bridge engineering practices and research and development in North America, Europe, and the

Paciﬁc Rim. This Handbook may provide a glimpse of a rapid global economy trend in recent years

toward international outsourcing of practice and competition in all dimensions of engineering. In general,

the Handbook is aimed toward the needs of practicing engineers, but materials may be reorganized to

accommodate undergraduate and graduate level bridge courses. The book may also be used as a survey

of the practice of bridge engineering around the world.

The authors acknowledge with thanks the comments, suggestions, and recommendations during the

development of the Handbook, by Fritz Leonhardt, Professor Emeritus, Stuttgart University, Germany;

Shouji Toma, Professor, Horrai-Gakuen University, Japan; Gerard F. Fox, Consulting Engineer; Jackson

L. Kurkee, Consulting Engineer; Michael J. Abrahams, Senior Vice President; Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade

& Douglas, Inc.; Ben C. Gerwick Jr., Professor Emeritus, University of California at Berkeley; Gregory F.

Fenves, Professor, University of California at Berkeley; John M. Kulicki, President and Chief Engineer,

Modjeski and Masters; James Chai, Supervising Transportation Engineer, California Department of

Tr ansportation; Jinron Wang, Senior Bridge Engineer, California Department of Transportation; and

David W. Liu, Principal, Imbsen & Associates, Inc.

Wai-Fah Chen

Lian Duan

The

Vo lume II: Substructure Design

Editors

is presently Dean of the College of Engineering at

the University of Hawaii. He was a George E. Goodwin Distin-

guished Professor of Civil Engineering and Head of the Department

Structural Engineering at Purdue University from 1976 to 1999.

He received his B.S. in civil engineering from the National

Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan in 1959;

M.S. in structural engi-

neering from Lehigh University, Pennsylvania in 1963; and Ph.D.

in solid mechanics from Brown University, Rhode Island in 1966.

He received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the National

Cheng-Kung University in 1988 and the Distinguished Engineering

Alumnus Medal from Brown University in 1999.

Dr. Chen’s research interests cover several areas, including con-

stitutive modeling of engineering materials, soil and concrete plas-

ticity, structural connections, and structural stability. He is the

recipient of several national engineering awards, including the Ray-

mond Reese Research Prize and the Shortridge Hardesty Award, both from the American Society of Civil

Engineers, and the T. R. Higgins Lectureship Award from the American Institute of Steel Construction.

In 1995, he was elected to the U.S. National Academy of

Engineering. In 1997, he was awarded Honorary

Membership by the American Society of Civil Engineers. In 1998, he was elected to the Academia Sinica

(National Academy of Science) in Taiwan.

A widely respected author, Dr. Chen authored and coauthored more than 20 engineering books and

500 technical papers. His books include several classical works such as

Limit Analysis and Soil Plasticity

(Elsevier, 1975), the two-volume

Theory of Beam-Columns

(McGraw-Hill, 1976–77),

Plasticity in Rein-

forced Concrete

(McGraw-Hill, 1982), and the two-volume

Constitutive Equations for Engineering Materials

(Elsevier, 1994). He currently serves on the editorial boards of more than 10 technical journals. He has

been listed in more than 20

Who’s Who

Civil Engineering Handbook

(CRC Press), the 1997

Handbook of Structural Engineering

(CRC Press), and the 2000

Bridge Engineering Handbook

(CRC Press).

He currently serves as the consulting editor for McGraw-Hill’s

Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.

He has been a longtime member of the Executive Committee of the Structural Stability Research

Council and the Speciﬁcation Committee of the American Institute of Steel Construction. He has been

a consultant for Exxon Production Research on offshore structures; for Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in

Chicago on tall steel buildings; and for the World Bank on the Chinese University Development Projects,

among many others.

Dr. Chen has taught at Lehigh University, Purdue University, and the University of Hawaii.

Wai-Fah Chen

publications.

Dr. Chen is the editor-in-chief for the popular 1995

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