MATLAB Recipes for Earth Sciences - M.H.Trauth.pdf - MATLAB - kefirowocowy

Martin H.

Trauth

MATLAB

Recipes for Earth Sciences

Martin H.

Trauth

Recipes

for Earth Sciences

With text contributions by

Robin Gebbers and Norbert Marwan

and illustrations by Elisabeth Sillmann

With 77 Figures and a CD-ROM

MATLAB

Privatdozent Dr. rer. nat. habil.

M.H. Trauth

University of Potsdam

Department of Geosciences

P.O. Box 60 15 53

14415 Potsdam

Germany

E-mail:

trauth@geo.uni-potsdam.de

MATLAB ® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks

does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of

MATLAB ® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The

MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB ® software.

For MATLAB ® product information, please contact:

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2005937738

ISBN-10

978-3540-27983-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the

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ISBN-13

3-540-27983-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Preface

Various books on data analysis in earth sciences have been published during

the last ten years, such as Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology by JC Davis,

Introduction to Geological Data Analysis by ARH Swan and M Sandilands,

Data Analysis in the Earth Sciences Using MATLAB ® by GV Middleton or

Statistics of Earth Science Data by G Borradaile. Moreover, a number of

software packages have been designed for earth scientists such as the ESRI

product suite ArcGIS or the freeware package GRASS for generating geo-

graphic information systems, ERDAS IMAGINE or RSINC ENVI for remote

sensing and GOCAD and SURFER for 3D modeling of geologic features. In

addition, more general software packages as IDL by RSINC and MATLAB ®

by The MathWorks Inc. or the freeware software OCTAVE provide powerful

tools for the analysis and visualization of data in earth sciences.

Most books on geological data analysis contain excellent theoreti-

cal introductions, but no computer solutions to typical problems in earth

sciences, such as the book by JC Davis. The book by ARH Swan and

M Sandilands contains a number of examples, but without the use of com-

puters. G Middleton·s book ﬁ rstly introduces MATLAB as a tool for earth

scientists, but the content of the book mainly reﬂ ects the personal interests

of the author, rather then providing a complete introduction to geological

data analysis. On the software side, earth scientists often encounter the prob-

lem that a certain piece of software is designed to solve a particular geologic

problem, such as the design of a geoinformation system or the 3D visualiza-

tion of a fault scarp. Therefore, earth scientists have to buy a large volume

of software products, and even more important, they have to get used to it

before being in the position to successfully use it.

This book on MATLAB Recipes for Earth Sciences is designed to help

undergraduate and PhD students, postdocs and professionals to learn meth-

ods of data analysis in earth sciences and to get familiar with MATLAB,

the leading software for numerical computations. The title of the book is

an appreciation of the book Numerical Recipes by WH Press and others

that is still very popular after initially being published in 1986. Similar to

the book by Press and others, this book provides a minimum amount of

Preface

theoretical background, but then tries to teach the application of all methods

by means of examples. The software MATLAB is used since it provides

numerous ready-to-use algorithms for most methods of data analysis, but

also gives the opportunity to modify and expand the existing routines and

even develop new software. The book contains numerous MATLAB scripts

to solve typical problems in earth sciences, such as simple statistics, time-

series analysis, geostatistics and image processing. The book comes with a

compact disk, which contains all MATLAB recipes and example data ﬁ les.

All MATLAB codes can be easily modiﬁ ed in order to be applied to the

reader·s data and projects.

Whereas undergraduates participating in a course on data analysis might

go through the entire book, the more experienced reader will use only one

particular method to solve a speciﬁ c problem. To facilitate the use of this

book for the various readers, I outline the concept of the book and the con-

tents of its chapters.

1. Chapter 1 – This chapter introduces some fundamental concepts of sam-

ples and populations, it links the various types of data and questions to

be answered from these data to the methods described in the following

chapters.

2. Chapter 2 – A tutorial-style introduction to MATLAB designed for earth

scientists. Readers already familiar with the software are advised to pro-

ceed directly to the following chapters.

3. Chapter 3 and 4 – Fundamentals in univariate and bivariate statistics.

These chapters contain very basic things how statistics works, but also

introduce some more advanced topics such as the use of surrogates. The

reader already familiar with basic statistics might skip these two chap-

ters.

4. Chapter 5 and 6 – Readers who wish to work with time series are recom-

mended to read both chapters. Time-series analysis and signal processing

are tightly linked. A solid knowledge of statistics is required to success-

fully work with these methods. However, the two chapters are more or

less independent from the previous chapters.

5. Chapter 7 and 8 – The second pair of chapters. From my experience,

reading both chapters makes a lot of sense. Processing gridded spatial

data and analyzing images has a number of similarities. Moreover, aerial

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