Codewarrior - Principles of Programming.pdf
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***Prin FM CW7
CodeWarrior
Principles of
Programming
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Table of Contents
iii
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 A Road Map
1.1 Preview.
...................................................................14
1.2 Introduction to The Principles of Programming.
.......15
A Global View.........................................................15
The Road Ahead.......................................................16
Signs Along the Road...............................................17
1.3 Computers.
...............................................................18
A Low Level View...................................................18
Systems and Their Environments...............................19
History of Programming and the Earth.....................21
1.4 Review Top Ten Things to Remember.
...................24
1.5 Glossary.
..................................................................25
1.6 Problems.
.................................................................27
Chapter 2 An Overview
2.1 Preview.
...................................................................30
2.2 Problem Solving and the Computer..
........................31
Step 1 Problem Definition.......................................32
Step 2 Solution Design............................................33
Step 3 Solution Refinement......................................34
Step 4 Testing Strategy Development.......................35
Step 5 Program Coding and Testing........................36
Step 6 Documentation Completion..........................37
Step 7 Program Maintenance...................................37
Using the Problem Solving Method..........................38
Problems and Plans Dividing and Conquering........38
2.3 Break-Out Diagrams.
.................................................39
More on Break-Out Diagrams...................................41
2.4 Algorithms and Their Representations.
......................45
Modifying Algorithms..............................................47
Alternative Algorithms.............................................52
Equivalence of Algorithms........................................53
Testing......................................................................54
2.5 Programming Languages.
.........................................56
Communicating Algorithms......................................56
Basic.........................................................................56
Fortran.....................................................................57
Pascal.......................................................................57
Modula-2..................................................................58
C..............................................................................58
iv
Table of Contents
Ada..........................................................................59
Other programming languages.................................59
2.6 Life Cycles Stages of Programming.
........................60
2.7 Review Top Ten Things to Remember.
...................63
2.8 Glossary..
.................................................................65
2.9 Problems.
.................................................................67
Chapter 3 Algorithms
3.1 Preview.
...................................................................74
3.2 What Are Algorithms?..
............................................75
Algorithm Definition................................................75
General Properties of Algorithms..............................75
Desirable Attributes for Algorithms...........................77
3.3 Different Algorithm Representations...
......................78
Verbal Representations.............................................80
Algebraic Representations (formulas and
expressions).....................................................82
Tabular Representations (tables, arrays, and
matrices)..........................................................86
3.4 Data-Flow Diagrams.
................................................89
Black Boxes vs. Glass Boxes.......................................89
General Data-Flow Diagrams....................................91
Integer Data-Flow Diagrams.....................................94
Logical Data-Flow Diagrams.....................................98
Data Flow Black Boxes..............................................101
More on Data Flow Components and Diagrams........105
3.5 Flow of Control Diagrams.
.......................................107
Flowcharts................................................................107
Larger Flowcharts Using Subprograms...................110
Flowblocks...............................................................113
Pseudocode..............................................................115
3.6 Review Top Ten Things to Remember.
...................118
3.7 Glossary..
.................................................................119
3.8 Problems..
................................................................121
Chapter 4 Algorithm Structure
4.1 Preview.
...................................................................128
4.2 Building Blocks for Structured Programming..
..........128
The Four Fundamental Forms...................................128
Connecting Several Forms Sequences and Nests.......131
Deep Nesting............................................................133
4.3 Different Algorithms, Same Problem.
........................135
Equivalent Algorithms..............................................135
Table of Contents
v
Alternative Algorithms.............................................137
4.4 Top-down Algorithm Design
....................................140
Job Description Example...........................................144
Change Maker Example............................................145
A Game Example, Fifty.............................................148
4.5 How Data and Algorithms Fit Together.
...................152
Structured Data.........................................................153
Chili Recipe Example................................................155
Card Trick Example..................................................158
Binary Conversion Example......................................159
Guessing Game Example...........................................160
4.6 Review Top Ten Things to Remember.
....................164
4.7 Glossary.
..................................................................166
4.8 Problems..
................................................................167
Chapter 5 Algorithm Behavior
5.1 Preview.
...................................................................176
5.2 Programs.
.................................................................176
Data for Programs.....................................................176
Actions In Programs.................................................179
5.3 Sequence Forms.
.......................................................182
More Programs Using the Sequence Form................183
5.4 Selection Forms.
.......................................................185
Simple Selection Forms.............................................185
Proofs of Equivalence for Simple Selection Forms.....187
Larger Selection Forms.............................................189
Proofs of Equivalence for Larger Selection Forms......192
Nested Selections......................................................194
Logical Conditions....................................................198
Using Logical Conditions to Simplify Selections........201
5.5 Repetition Forms..
....................................................203
The Repeat-Until Form..............................................203
The Disadvantages of Using the Repeat-Until Form...206
The While Loop Form...............................................209
Getting Insights Using Traces and Invariants...........212
5.6 Invocation Forms.
....................................................219
Seconds Example......................................................221
De-militarize Time Example......................................222
5.7 Improving Programs.
...............................................224
Nested Loops and Selections.....................................224
Using Invariants.......................................................229
5.8 Review Top Ten Things to Remember.
...................234
5.9 Glossary..
.................................................................235
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