Gethin, Hugh. 1990. Grammar in Context - Proficiency Level English [Collins ELT].pdf - fce - kassko

GRAMMAR

—IN—

CONTEXT

Proficiency Level English

Hugh Gethin

NEW EDITION

Collins ELT London & Glasgow

Co llins ELT

8 Grafton Street

London W1X 3LA

10 9 8 7 6 5 43 2 1

First edition published 1983

This revised edition first published 1990

All r ights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior . permission in writing of

the Publisher.

Printed in Great Britain by Mackays of Chatham PLC

ISBN 0 00 370 333 9

Acknowledgements

I should like to thank the Directors of the Anglo-Continental Educational Group, Bournemouth,

for facilities afforded me in the earlier stages of preparation of this book; and Arnunio Ciumei

('Jimmy'), the Group's xeroxer, for his efficient and cheerful help. To my erstwhile colleague,

David Marchesi, goes my warm gratitude for a fruitful partnership of several years, during which

he shared with me the use of most of this book in draft form. The cooperation and comments of

a person of his mature judgement did much to encourage me to proceed with the enterprise. This,

in its later stages, came under the scrutiny of Rosalind Grant-Robertson, whose knowledge of

EFL is wide and deep. Any improvements I have latterly been able to make in the text have in

large measure been due to her careful and constructive criticism, for which I am indeed grateful.

I should also like to thank Christian Kay for her stimulating comments, particularly those on the

earlier sections; Caroline Egerton for her informed and penetrating reading and sensible

suggestions, which have contributed so much to the text’s final form; and Gordon Jarvie, whose

lively professional interest in the book has led to its publication. To my wife I am indebted as

always, both for sustaining me and helping to resolve the various problems of authorship.

Contents

Introduction 5

For the learner 5

For the teacher 8

1 Verb tenses 10

1A The past tense of certain verbs 10

1B Tense use for fact: review 12

1C Use of present for future tenses 20

1D Tense use for non-fact: supposition 25

1E Tense use for non-fact: wish 31

1F Fact and non-fact: summary of tense use 34

2 Adverbials 39

2A Adverbs against adjectives 39

2B Position 43

3 Linking: result, cause 50

3A Relation between result and cause 50

3B Result expressed with too or enough 54

4 Linking: purpose 60

4A Standard constructions 60

4B Shortened constructions 63

5 Linking: concession 66

6 Linking: cause, purpose, concession (alternative) 70

7 Linking: time 73

8 Linking: relatives 78

8A Links and clause types: review 78

8B Sentence building with relatives 84

8C Shortened constructions 89

9 Linking: similarity and comparison 94

10 The infinitive and -ing 100

10A The infinitive 100

10B The -ing form as gerund 103

10C Verbs taking a full infinitive or –ing (gerund) according to meaning 109

10D Verbs taking the infinitive or –ing (participle) according to meaning 113

11 Auxiliary verbs: particular uses 117

11A Ability, permission, possibility 118

11B Past activity, habit, refusal etc. 122

11C Expectation, assumption, conclusion 126

11D Obligation, absence of obligation 129

11E Duty and arrangement, with non-fulfilment 132

11F Use of should for suggestions, opinions, feelings etc. 136

12 Reported speech 139

12A Tense and word changes: general review 139

12B Possible changes in auxiliary verbs 145

12C Suggestions, requests and commands 149

13 The passive 154

13A Subject formation from the active voice 154

13B Passive constructions with the infinitive 161

14 Inversion of subject and verb 164

14A Types of lead word 164

14B Established sentence patterns 168

15 Dependent prepositions 170

16 Phrasal verbs 178

16A Type, meaning and word order 178

16B Meaning and use of selected verbs 181

17 Study lists 187

17A The past tense of certain verbs (with past participle) 187

17B Verbs and phrases followed by the plain infinitive 188

17C Verbs followed by an object + full infinitive 189

17D Verbs and phrases followed by –ing (gerund) 190

17E Verbs used with two objects 192

17F Dependent prepositions 193

17G Phrasal verbs 196

Subject index 199

Word index 203

Key to Exercises 209

Foreword to the revised edition

This edition of the book is in its scope and method the same as the first; the material and its

arrangement remain basically unchanged. But there were in the first edition some omissions

in the treatment of adverbs and links (conjunctions) which have been made good. Also a

large part of the section on reported speech has been rewritten with additional examples and

exercises in order to make the approach to this aspect of English grammar both more

extensive and more flexible. Elsewhere in the book I have occasionally altered the wording

of the explanations where I have thought these could be made clearer, but on the whole have

not found it necessary to amend the exercises except to accommodate the extra adverbs and

links.

What is entirely new to this edition is the introduction of style marking, that is to say, of a

definite indication in the text that certain words or constructions are associated with a formal

style of English. Whereas in the first edition this association was mentioned only in the

explanations, in the present edition it is specifically pointed out wherever it occurs in

examples and exercises (see the relevant paragraph in the Introduction for the learner). The

intention is that in this way users of the book will be made more aware of the relationship

between grammatical usage and style.

It is of course gratifying that the book should have found enough favour amongst learners

and teachers of English to warrant a revised edition, and this approval, silent though it may

be, has been a very real encouragement in its preparation. I would welcome any comments,

however critical, that the book's users might like to make through the publishers.

I should also like to record here my gratitude to Annette Capel, prime mover and promoter

of this revised edition, and to Caroline Egerton, who returned to the book in the editorial role

which she undertook for the first edition and which she has again fulfilled so well.

Gethin, Hugh. 1990. Grammar in Context - Proficiency Level English [Collins ELT].pdf

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