UNIX for Beginning Users.pdf

UNIX for Beginning Users

Developed by:

User Liaison Section, D-7131

Denver Office

[Name and Phone number deleted at authors

Request]

Revision Date: September 16, 1991

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Audience

This course is for individuals who will be using the UNIX

operating system on a Reclamation computer platform. It is

assumed that the student has a general understanding of data

processing concepts.

B. Course Objectives

Upon successful completion of this course the student will be

able to:

1. Demonstrate a knowledge of basic UNIX ideas.

2. Recognize the different types of files and the file

structure.

3. Log in and out of UNIX using an interactive terminal.

4. Change the password and be aware of other

responsibilities of owning an account.

5. Demonstrate a knowledge of where to get help.

6. Use the appropriate UNIX commands to display/print

files, copy/move files, change file access permissions,

create/delete directories, and change the current

working directory.

7. Transfer a file to another computer platform using File

Transfer Protocol (FTP). Use FTP commands to do the

following: initialize FTP, establish connection, local

computer commands, remote computer commands, close

connection, exit FTP, help command, and special

functions.

8. Use an editor to create files, input text,

insert/replace text, copy/move text, and exit/save

changes.

9. Use the mail utility to send/receive/delete messages

10. Use basic Annex commands to reestablish connection to a

disconnected process.

C. Course Handout Conventions

There are several conventions used in this handout for

consistency and easier interpretation:

1. Samples of actual terminal sessions are single-lined

boxed.

2. User entries are shown in bold print and are

underlined.

QUIT

3. All keyboard functions in the text will be bold.

(Ret)

Backspace

Tab

Ctrl-F6

Print (Shift-F7)

Go to DOS (1)

NOTE:

(Ret) indicates the Return or Enter key

located above the right Shift key.

4. Examples of user entries not showing the computer's

response are in dotted-lined boxes.

5. Command formats are double-lined boxed.

6. Three dots either in vertical or horizontal alignment

mean continuation or that data is missing from the

diagram.

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Multimax, Nanobus, and UMAX are trademarks of

Encore Computer Corporation

Annex is a trademark of XYLOGICS, Inc

UNIX and Teletype are registered trademarks of

AT&T Bell Laboratories

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Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation

1. BASIC UNIX IDEAS

The UNIX operating system is a set of programs that act as a link

between the computer and the user. The programs that allocate

the system resources and coordinate all the details of the

computer's internals is called the operating system or kernel.

Users communicate with the kernel through a program known as the

shell. The shell is a command line interpreter; it translates

commands entered by the user and converts them into a language

that is understood by the kernel.

Here is a basic block diagram of a UNIX system.

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Spread Sheet Compilers

Calculators

The Shell

Mail and

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<- Message

Inventory

UNIX system kernel

Facilities

Control --->

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Systems

<- Interpreters

Hardware

Formatters ->

<- DBMS

Calendar

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Word

Systems ---->

<- Processors

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Editors ---->

<- FTP

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The designers of UNIX used the following Maxims while writing the

new operating system.

1. Make each program do one thing well. These simple

programs would be called "tools."

2. Expect the output of every program to be the input to

another program.

3. Don't stop building new "tools" to do a job. The

library of tools should keep increasing.

1.1 The UNIX System

The main concept that unites all versions of UNIX is the

following four basics:

Kernel

The kernel is the heart of the operating system. It schedules

tasks and manages data storage. The user rarely interfaces with

the kernel directly. This is the memory resident portion of the

operating system.

Shell

The shell is the utility that processes your requests. When you

type in a command at your terminal, the shell interprets the

command and calls the program that you want. The shell will

support multiple users, multiple tasks, and multiple interfaces

to itself. The shell uses standard syntax for all commands.

There are two popular shells currently available, the BourneShell

(standard System V UNIX) and the CShell (BSD UNIX). Because

separate users can use different shells at the same time, the

system can appear different to different users. There is another

shell known as the KornShell (named after its designer), which is

popular with programmers. This ability to provide a customized

user interface is one of the most powerful features of UNIX.

Commands and Utilities

Separate utilities can be easily combined to customize function

and output. They are flexible, adaptable, portable, and modular.

They use pipes and filters. There are over 200 standard commands

plus numerous others provided through 3rd party software.

Files and Directories

The directory system supports a multilevel hierarchy. Files and

directories have access protection. Files and directories are

accessed through pathnames. Files support multiple name links.

Removable filesystems are also supported.

1.2 File Structure

All data in UNIX is organized into files. All files are

organized into directories. These directories are organized into

a tree-like structure called the filesystem. The following

diagram describes the top level organization of the UNIX

filesystem:

(root)

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bin

dev etc lib tmp usr users

These directories, in turn, are also organized hierarchically.

For example:

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dev

etc

usr

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dsk rmt

init.d rc0.d mail

adm

spool

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In this example, dev, etc, usr, and adm are directories.

Directories contain other files or directories. Plain files

contain text or binary data and contain no information about

other files or directories.

Users can make use of this same structure to organize their

files.

For example:

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bin

users

dev

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Every file has a name. A filename is composed of one to fourteen

characters. Although you can use almost any character in a

filename, you will avoid confusion if you choose characters from

the following list.

1. upper case letters [A-Z]

2. lower case letters [a-z]

3. numbers [0-9]

4. underscore [_]

5. period [.]

6. comma [,]

The only exception is the root directory, which always uses the

symbol /. No other directory or file can use this symbol.

Like children of one parent, no two files in the same directory

can have the same name. Files in different directories, like

children of different parents, can have the same name.

The filenames you choose should mean something. Too often, a

directory is filled with important files with names like foobar,

wombat, and junk. A meaningless name won't help you recall the

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: