Learning Spoken English book.pdf

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L EARNING

S POKEN

by Lynn Lundquist

E NGLISH

. . . in half the time

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Learning Spoken English

Introduction

Chapter 1 : Teaching Your Tongue to Speak English

Chapter 2 : Four Rules for Learning Spoken English

Chapter 3 : Grammar and Writing in Spoken English Study

Chapter 4 : Do You Need Beginning and Advanced Lessons?

Chapter 5 : Selecting a Text

Chapter 6 : Studying the English Verb

Chapter 7 : Success in Spoken English Study

INTRODUCTION

You have an opportunity for a better paying job, but you need to improve your English before

you can apply. Or, you want to enroll in a university in the United States, but your English is not

good enough yet.

You have already taken English classes for two years in secondary school. Maybe you have

studied more English at the university. You know English grammar and can write, but you need to

learn how to speak English.

And you need to improve your spoken English very quickly.

This book will tell you how to retrain your mind—and your tongue—in order to learn fluent

spoken English.

With the information from this book, you can learn to speak English in half of the time it

normally takes.

Throughout this book, I will emphasize spoken English.

Chapter 1: TEACHING YOUR TONGUE TO SPEAK ENGLISH explains the concept on which

this SPOKEN ENGLISH LEARNED QUICKLY method is built. The remaining chapters tell you

how to apply that information as you learn to speak English fluently.

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I wish you the best of success as you study spoken English.

Chapter 1 : TEACHING YOUR TONGUE TO SPEAK ENGLISH

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CHAPTER SUMMARY: Speech is controlled in your mind by feedback from your hearing and

mouth position as much as it is from your memory. If you want to speak fluent English, it is just as

important to retrain your tongue as it is to train your memory. To be effective, however, you must

retrain your mind, tongue, and hearing at exactly the same time because they must work together

when you speak English.

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Why have you studied English so long in school without learning to speak fluently? It is because

your teachers have tried to train your mind with written exercises without retraining your tongue at

the same time.

If you want to learn to speak English fluently, it will help you to understand how the human mind

produces speech.

However, before looking at the mechanics of speech, I want to draw an analogy from machine

control because the analogy closely parallels neurological responses in spoken language.

OPEN-LOOP MACHINE CONTROL

Wikipedia describes an open-loop control system as follows:

An open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, is a type of controller which

computes its input into a system using only the current state . . . of the system. A characteristic of

the open-loop controller is that it does not use feedback to determine if its input has achieved the

desired goal. This means that the system does not observe the output of the processes that it is

controlling. Consequently, a true open-loop system . . . cannot correct any errors that it could

make.

For example, a sprinkler system, programmed to turn on at set times could be an example of an

open-loop system if it does not measure soil moisture as a form of feedback. Even if rain is

pouring down on the lawn, the sprinkler system would activate on schedule, wasting water.

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FIGURE 1 shows an open-loop control system. The control may be a simple switch, or it could

be a combination of a switch and a timer. Yet, all it can do is turn the machine on. It cannot

respond to anything the machine is doing.

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FIGURE 1: An open-loop machine control.

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CLOSED-LOOP MACHINE CONTROL

Wikipedia then describes closed-loop control as follows:

To avoid the problems of the open-loop controller, control theory introduces feedback. A closed-

loop controller uses feedback to control states or outputs of a dynamical system. Its name comes

from the information path in the system: process inputs (e.g. voltage applied to a motor) have an

effect on the process outputs (e.g. velocity . . . of the motor), which is measured with sensors and

processed by the controller; the result (the control signal) is used as input to the process, closing

the loop.

Wikipedia's definition of a closed-loop system subsequently becomes too technical to use here.

However, as Wikipedia suggests above, a sprinkler incorporating a soil moisture sensor would be a

simple closed-loop system. The sprinkler system would have both a timer and a control valve.

Either could operate independently, and either could shut the water off, but both would need to be

open in order for the sprinkler to operate. The arrangement is shown in FIGURE 2.

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FIGURE 2: A closed-loop sprinkler system.

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- - - - - - - - -

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If the soil is already moist, the sprinkler will remain off whether or not the timer is open. When

the moisture probe senses dry soil, the valve is opened. However, after the sprinkler is on, if the

soil becomes moist enough, the valve will close even if the timer is still open. Thus, the sprinkler

uses feedback from its own operation to control itself.

FIGURE 3 shows a simple closed-loop machine control.

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FIGURE 3: A closed-loop machine control.

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Notice that FIGURE 3 also shows a calibration function. Irrespective of whether it is a soil

moisture sensor on a sprinkler—or a counter on a machine—there must be some way of setting the

control so that it will respond in a predetermined way. In a machine application, the calibration

function could be a counter which is set so that the machine will produce a certain number of

finished parts.

HUMAN SPEECH IS A CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM

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