Ottoman Turkish.pdf

Ottoman Turkish

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OTTOMAN TURKISH

Arabic script (0.0)

Modern Birnbaum WWS ALA-LC EI

Turkish 1967 1996 1997 1960

Consonants

iso ini med in

a, ā

ﺏ ﺑ ﺒ ﺐ b, p b b [b, p] b b

ﭖ ﭘ ﭙ ﭗ p p p [p] p p

ﺕ ﺗ ﺘ ﺖ t t t [t] t t

ﺙ ﺛ ﺜ ﺚ s s̱ s̱ [s] s̱ th

ﺝ ﺟ ﺠ ﺞ c, ç c c [dʒ, tʃ] c dj

ﭺ ﭼ ﭽ ﭻ ç ç ç [tʃ] ç č

ﺡ ﺣ ﺤ ﺢ h ḥ ḥ [h] ḥ ḥ

ﺥ ﺧ ﺨ ﺦ h ḫ ḫ [h] ḫ kh

ﺩ ﺪ d d d [d, t] d d

ﺫ ﺬ z ẕ ẕ [z] ẕ dh

ﺭ ﺮ r r r [r] r r

ﺯ ﺰ z z z [z] z z

ﮊ ﮋ j j j [ʒ] j zh

ﺱ ﺳ ﺴ ﺲ s s s [s] s s

ﺵ ﺷ ﺸ ﺶ ş ş ş [ʃ] ş sh

ﺹ ﺻ ﺼ ﺺ s ṣ ṣ [s] ṣ ṣ

ﺽ ﺿ ﻀ ﺾ z, d ż ż [z, d] ż ḍ

ﻁ ﻃ ﻄ ﻂ t, d ṭ ṭ [t, d] ṭ ṭ

ﻅ ﻇ ﻈ ﻆ z ẓ ẓ [z] ẓ ẓ

ﻉ ﻋ ﻌ ﻊ

–

ʿ ʿ [Ø, ɑ] ‘ ʿ

ﻍ ﻏ ﻐ ﻎ ğ ġ ġ [ɣ, ɡ, k, h] ġ gh

ﻑ ﻓ ﻔ ﻒ f f f [f, p] f f

ﻕ ﻗ ﻘ ﻖ k ḳ ḳ [k] ḳ ḳ

ﻙ ﻛ ﻜ ﻚ k, y k, ẏ (2.1) k [k, j] k k

ﮒ ﮔ ﮕ ﮓ (0.1) g, k g g [ɡ, k] g g

ﯓ ﯕ ﯖ ﯔ (0.1) n ñ ñ [ɲ] ñ ñ

ﻝ ﻟ ﻠ ﻞ l l l [l] l l

ﻡ ﻣ ﻤ ﻢ m m m [m] m m

ﻥ ﻧ ﻨ ﻦ n n n [n] n n

ﻭ ﻮ v v v [v] v w

ﻩ ﻫ ﻬ ﻪ h h h [h, ɑ, i, e] h h

ﺓ ﺔ

–

e, a, t (2.2) h [t (3.1) ]

ﻯ ﻳ ﻴ ﻰ y y y [j] y y



–

ﻻ ﻼ la lā la [lɑ] la lā

ﺀ  ◌



–

(’) ʾ (2.3) ʾ [Ø] ’ ʾ

omas T. Pedersen ( ttpedersen@myrealbox.com)

Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04

ﺍ ﺎ a

Ottoman Turkish

2/3

Modern Birnbaum WWS ALA-LC EI

Turkish 1967 1996 1997 1960

Vowels

iso ini med in

ﺍ َ ◌ , آ , ى َ ◌ , ٰ◌ ‐a, ‐â ‐ā

–

– ‐ā

ﻯ ِ ◌ , ّ ﻯ ِ ◌ , ﻴ ِ ◌ ‐i (‐î), ‐ı, ‐ī (2.4)

–

– ‐ī, ‐, ‐ē, ‐ā

‐e, ‐a (‐â)

ﻭ ُ ◌ ‐o, ‐u (‐û), ‐ū

–

– ‐ū, ‐ō, ‐ü, ‐ö

‐ö, ‐ü

◌ ﹶ ‐a, ‐e ‐a, ‐e [ɑ, Ø; o, e (3.2) ] – ‐a, ‐e

◌ﹺ ‐i, ‐ı (1.1) ‐i, ‐ı [i, y, e, ej,

– ‐i, ‐

ɑ, u, ɯ]

◌ﹸ ‐o, ‐u, ‐ü, ‐u; [Ø, u, ɯ, i, – ‐o, ‐u,

‐ö, ‐ü ‐ö, ‐o y, o, œ] ‐ö, ‐ü

Vowel letters in Turkish words

آ آ

–

ﺎ a a, ē (2.5)

ا e e

ﻪ ﹶ ◌

ا أ

ه ﹶ ◌ e, a ĕ, ă (2.6)

ﻪ ◌

ه ◌ e, a e, a (2.7)

ﻪﺋ ﻪﺋ e e

ﻯ ﻳا ﻴ ِ ◌ ﻰ ِ ◌ i, ı i, ı, ė (2.8)

وا وا ﻮ ﻮ ö, o; ü, u ö, o; ü, u

ﻮﺋ ﻮﺋ ö, ü ö, ü

ﻳا

ﻳآ ﻴ ﹶ ◌ ﻰ ﹶ ◌ ey, ay ey, ay

ﻳوا ﻳﻮ ﹸ◌ ﻯﻮ ﹸ◌ öy, oy, üy, uy öy, oy, üy, uy

ﻪﹼﻴ ِ ◌ ‐iye ‐īye

ﺖﹼﻴ ِ ◌ ‐iyyet ‐īyet

◌ﹰ



‐en ‐en, ‐an

–

‐en

◌ﹴ



‐in ‐in, ‐ın

–

‐in

◌ﹲ



‐on, ‐un ‐ün, ‐un

–

‐on, ‐un

◌ ﹾ

Marks absence of vowel.

◌ ﹼ



Marks doubling of consonant.

لا ﻟا el-, ül- el-, ’l-, ül- (2.9) –

–

el-, ’l-, ül-

Notes

0.0. Character names in Birnbaum transliteration: . tā merbūt . a; . hemze; . tenvīn; . tedīd.

0.1. Frequently written as

ﻙ

1.1. Iżāfet is rendered in Modern Turkish as -i , -ı when the word ends in a consonant, and as -yi when

the word ends in a vowel.

omas T. Pedersen ( ttpedersen@myrealbox.com)

Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04

Ottoman Turkish

3/3

In Ottoman Turkish it is rendered as follows:

-i

-ı

ﺎﻔﻠﺧ

ﻦﺸﻠﮔ

Gülşen-i ḫulefā

ا , ه or ى it is sometimes expressed by ء and is then transliterated -ʾi , -ʾı : ﺖﺤﺻ ۀرادا İdāre-ʾi

Ṣıḥḥat

Aer

ا or و it is sometimes expressed by ى , resulting in -yı : ﻦﻴﻣز ىور rū-yı zemīn .

2.2. Rendered as t at the end of the irst element of an Arabic iżāfet construction, of which the second

element begins with a vowel:

is normally not indicated, but can occasionally be rendered by

ẏ

ﻖﺋﺎﻘﺤﻟا ةﺪﺑ ز Zübdet ül-ḥaḳāʾiḳ .

2.3. When hemze rests on non-initial

ا or on و or on undotted ﯨ as “bearer”, these “bearers” are not

ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ , ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ mesʾele , ﻦﻣﺆﻣ müʾmin , ﺲﻴﺋﺭ reʾīs .

When hemze rests on initial

), it is not transliterated.

2.4. In Turkish scholary transliterations i ̄

(

is used.

2.5. Rarely transliterated as

, examples include

ىدﺎﻤﻠ gelmēdi .

2.6. Used medially to indicate the vowels

, especially in late 19th or 20th century orthography:

ﺮﻴﻠﻴﻧﻩﺩ

dĕnilir

ﻖﺟ ﻪﻟآ

alăcaḳ

. Followed by a regular suix

and

are used respectively.

ﻪ ِ ◌ is transliterated i : ﻪﻛ ki , ﻪﻜﻧﻮﭼ çūnki .

2.8. In a limited number of historical spellings

is used to indicate a closed

. Examples are:

ﻚﻤﻳد

ﻚﻤﺘﻳا ėtmek ; ﻚﻣﺮﻳ و vėrmek .

2.9. When followed by a “sun” letter (

;

) the

of the article is assimilated with the

When immediately preceded by a long vowel, use ’l- :

نﺎﻤﺟﺮﺘﻟا

et-tercümān

ﻖﺤﻟا ﺎﻧا enā ’l-Ḥaḳḳ ; apply same procedure

دﻮﻌﺴﻟا ﻮﺑا Ebū ’s-Suʿūd .

When non-initial, transliterate

ül-

ﺮﻴﺛﻻا ﻦﺑا İbn ül-Es̱īr ; apply same procedure as above with “sun”

ﺎﻔﺸﻟا راد Dār üş-şifā .

Names with

ﻟا

ﺪﺒﻋ

is always transliterated

ʿAbdül‐

, (except

نﺎﻤﺣﺮﻟا

ﺪﺒﻋ

which is

ʿAbdürraḥmān

);

ﻦﻳﺪﻟا

always

‐eddīn

;

ﻪﻠﻟا

always

‐ullāh

3.1. Indicates the Arabic feminine form.

3.2. Sometimes pronounced as

[o]

[e]

Sources

• ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts. Randal K. Berry (ed.). Library of Congress,

1997.

• Birnbaum, Eleazar: “e Transliteration of Ottoman Turkish for Library and General Purposes”, in Journal of the American

Oriental Society, vol. 87 (issue 2), April 1967. ( http://members.ams.chello.nl/olnon/transliteration/contents_2.htm) .

• e Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Leiden, 1960-.

• Lagally, Klaus: ArabTeX – a System for Typesetting Arabic. User Manual Version 3.09. Institut für Informatik. Universität

Stuttgart, 1999. ( http://129.69.218.213/arabtex/doc/arabdoc.pdf ).

• e World’s Writing Systems. Peter T. Daniels & William Bright (eds.). New York, 1996.

omas T. Pedersen ( ttpedersen@myrealbox.com)

Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04

Aer

2.1. Soening of

transliterated:

2.7. Final

dėmek

irst consonant of the word, e.g.

with “sun” letters:

letters:

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