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The Rise and Decline of the State
The state, which since the middle of the seventeenth century has been
the most important and most characteristic of all modern institutions, is
in decline. From Western Europe to Africa, many existing states are
either combining into larger communities or falling apart. Many of their
functions are being taken over by a variety of organizations which,
whatever their precise nature, are not states. In this unique volume
Martin van Creveld traces the story of the state from its beginnings to the
present. Starting with the simplest political organizations that ever
existed, he guides the reader through the origins of the state, its
development, its apotheosis during the two world wars, and its spread
from its original home in Western Europe to cover the globe. In doing so,
he provides a fascinating history of government from its origins to the
present day.
Martin van Creveld is a Professor in the Department of History at the
Hebrew University, Jerusalem. His books include Supplying War (1978),
Fighting Power (1982), Command in War (1985), Technology and War
(1988), and The Transformation of War (1991).
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The Rise and Decline of the
State
Martin van Creveld
230481619.001.png
published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, United Kingdom
cambridge university press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, United Kingdom
http://www.cup.ac.uk
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http://www.cup.org
10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia
© Martin van Creveld 1999
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1999
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Typeset in Plantin 10/12 pt [vn]
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data
Van Creveld, Martin.
The rise and decline of the state / by Martin van Creveld.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0 521 65190 5 – ISBN 0 521 65629 X (pbk.)
1. State, the. 2. World politics. I. Title.
JC11.V35 1999
320.1'90–dc21 98–30993 CIP
ISBN 0 521 65190 5 hardback
ISBN 0 521 65629 X paperback
Contents
Preface
page vii
1 Before the state: prehistory to AD 1300
1
Tribes without rulers
2
Tribes with rulers (chiefdoms)
10
City-states
20
Empires, strong and weak
35
Limits of stateless societies
52
2 The rise of the state: 1300 to 1648
59
The struggle against the church
62
The struggle against the Empire
75
The struggle against the nobility
87
The struggle against the towns
104
The monarchs’ triumph
118
3 The state as an instrument: 1648 to 1789
126
Building the bureaucracy
128
Creating the infrastructure
143
Monopolizing violence
155
The growth of political theory
170
Inside the Leviathan
184
4 The state as an ideal: 1789 to 1945
189
The Great Transformation
191
Disciplining the people
205
Conquering money
224
The road to total war
242
The apotheosis of the state
258
5 The spread of the state: 1696 to 1975
263
Toward Eastern Europe
264
The Anglo-Saxon experience
281
The Latin American experiment
298
Frustration in Asia and Africa
315
What everybody has . . .
332
v

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