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SHORT SLOVENE REFERENCE GRAMMAR
A Short Reference Grammar
of Standard Slovene
© Marc L. Greenberg, 2006
University of Kansas
A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene
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Contents
1 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED
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1.1 A BBREVIATIONS
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1.2 S YMBOLS
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2 BASIC DATA
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2.1 H ISTORICAL SKETCH
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2.2 R ELATION OF S LOVENE TO OTHER LANGUAGES
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2.3 D IALECTS
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2.3.1 Map of Slovene dialects
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2.4 T HE STANDARD LANGUAGE AND ITS RELATION TO SPOKEN LANGUAGE
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3 PHONOLOGY
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3.1.1 Alphabet, phonemes, allophony
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3.1.1.1 Vowel reduction
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3.1.1.2 Consonant inventory
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3.1.1.3 Vowel inventory
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3.1.1.4 Word prosody
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3.1.1.4.1 Phonological rules
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4 MORPHOLOGY
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4.1.1 General remarks on Slovene morphology
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4.1.1.1 Morphophonemic segmental alternations in inflection and derivation
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4.1.1.2 Word-prosody patterns
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4.1.1.3 Nominal morphology
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4.1.1.3.1 Feminine paradigms
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4.1.1.3.2 Masculine paradigms
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4.1.1.3.3 Neuter paradigms
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4.1.1.4 Pronominal morphology
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4.1.1.4.1 Interrogative pronouns
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4.1.1.4.1.1 Relative pronouns
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4.1.1.4.2 Personal pronouns
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4.1.1.4.2.1 Reflexive
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4.1.1.4.2.2 Sandhi phenomena with pronouns
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4.1.1.5 Adjectival morphology
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4.1.1.5.1 Comparatives and superlatives
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4.1.1.5.2 Possessive adjectives
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4.1.1.5.3 Interrogative and pronominal adjectives
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4.1.1.5.4 Demonstratives pronouns
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4.1.1.5.5 Possessive pronouns
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4.1.1.6 Adverbs
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4.1.1.6.1 Interrogative adverbs
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4.1.1.7 Numeral morphology
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4.1.1.7.1 Cardinals
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4.1.1.7.2 Ordinals
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4.1.1.8 Verbal morphology
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4.1.1.8.1 Present-tense
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4.1.1.8.2 Imperative/hortative
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4.1.1.8.3 Infinitive and supine
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4.1.1.8.4 L-participle
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4.1.1.8.5 Participles
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4.1.1.8.5.1 Present (active) adverb
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4.1.1.8.5.2 Present (active) participle
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4.1.1.8.5.3 Past active
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4.1.1.8.5.4 Past passive
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4.1.1.8.5.5 Verbal noun
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4.1.1.8.5.6 Athematic stems
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4.1.1.8.5.7 e-stem verbs
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Marc L. Greenberg
4.1.1.8.5.8 i-stem verbs (INF in –i
- ti,
- e - ti)
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4.1.1.8.5.9 a-stem verbs
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4.1.1.9 Negation
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4.1.1.10 Conditionals
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4.1.1.11 Aspect and aspectual derivation
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4.1.1.12 Motion verbs
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5 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY
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5.1.1.1 General remarks about derivational morphology
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5.1.1.2 Nouns
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5.1.1.3 Adjectives
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5.1.1.4 Adverbs
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5.1.1.5 Verbs
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5.1.1.6 Diminutives and augmentatives
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6 SYNTAX
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6.1.1 Noun phrases
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6.1.1.1 Structure
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6.1.1.1.1 Proper names and toponyms
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6.1.1.2 Meanings and uses of cases and prepositions with cases
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6.1.1.2.1 Nominative case
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6.1.1.2.2 Accusative case
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6.1.1.2.2.1 Animacy with respect to the accusative case
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6.1.1.2.2.2 Prepositions requiring the accusative case
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6.1.1.2.3 Dative case
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6.1.1.2.3.1 Prepositions requiring the dative case
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6.1.1.2.4 Genitive case
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6.1.1.2.4.1 Prepositions requiring the genitive case
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6.1.1.2.5 Locative case
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6.1.1.2.5.1 Prepositions requiring the locative case
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6.1.1.2.6 Instrumental case
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6.1.1.2.6.1 Prepositions requiring the instrumental case
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6.1.1.3 Syntax of numerals
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6.1.2 Clause structure
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6.1.2.1 Infinitive and supine
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6.1.2.2 Verbal noun
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6.1.2.3 Subject, object, verb and pro-drop
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6.1.2.3.1 Impersonal constructions
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6.1.2.3.2 Special constructions
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6.1.2.4 Clitics
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6.1.2.5 Negation
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6.1.2.6 Passive voice and se-constructions
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6.1.3 Clause chaining
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6.1.3.1 Coordination
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6.1.3.2 Subordination
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6.1.3.2.1 Constructions with subordinating conjunctions
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6.1.3.2.1.1 Tense sequencing in da clauses
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6.1.3.2.2 Constructions with relative pronouns
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6.1.3.2.3 Constructions with participles
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7 DISCOURSE MARKERS
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7.1.1.1.1.1 Markers of affirmation, negation
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7.1.1.1.1.2 Markers of focus
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7.1.1.1.1.3 Markers of mood
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7.1.1.1.1.4 Markers of definition, explanation and inference
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7.1.1.1.1.5 Question markers
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7.1.1.1.1.6 Tags
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7.1.1.1.1.7 Markers of affirmation, agreement
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7.1.1.1.1.8 Markers of tense and aspect (durativity, iterativity)
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7.1.1.1.1.9 Marker of limitation
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7.1.1.1.1.10 Marker of evidentiality
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A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene
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7.1.1.1.1.11 Markers of summation, conclusion
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7.1.1.1.1.12 Markers of reformulation and resumption
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8 TEXTS WITH INTERLINEAR TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
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8.1 S TANDARD LITERARY S LOVENE
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8.2 L JUBLJANA CITY SPEECH
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9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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9.1.1 Sources of material
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9.1.2 References and suggested further reading
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Marc L. Greenberg
Preface and acknowledgments
This grammar is meant to be a brief reference for the main gram-
mar points of contemporary standard Slovene, with some notes on salient
differences between written and spoken usage, and, as such, it can hardly
substitute for much more comprehensive works such as Herrity 2000, in-
tended for readers of English, or Toporišič 2000, intended for native
Slovene users, nor the numerous handbooks and studies on specific ar-
eas of grammar at which the References section below can only hint. 1
Nevertheless, this grammar attempts to innovate over most or all hand-
books on Slovene grammar in at least few ways, e.g., it offers as many
contextual examples from real texts as practible, in the belief that con-
cise statements about usage generally fail to capture the subtleties and
robustness of actual usage—context-rich examples partially fill this gap;
information about the tonemic accent properties of words are represent-
ed in a manner that is more efficient than in traditional Slovene gram-
mars; an attempt has been made to capture at least some salient charac-
teristics of the relationship between standard and substandard codes, es-
pecially the spoken language of Ljubljana and its environs. Certain topics
—such as the accentuation of nouns in the tonemic pronunciation variant,
word-formation, or a complete overview of discourse markers—are so
complex that anything approaching a comprehensive survey would so
thicken the exposition that it could no longer be considered a brief refer-
ence.
The daunting task of writing a grammar of a language—at least to
this writer, who has never aspired to do such a thing—has the feel of a
fool’s errand. In trying to say at least something about each grammar
topic, one becomes aware of how much more there is to say and how
many things are still left unsolved. While this grammar tries to be as brief
as possible, concessions were made to provide, where appropriate, as
much context as possible by excerpting from a variety of contemporary
texts (literary, journalistic, advertising), as well as transcripts of actual
In this regard the bibliographies in Lenček 1982 and Orešnik and Reindl 2003 give
good bibliographical guides to topics in Slovene grammar, both being particularly
strong on English-language sources.
1

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