DeCusatis - Fiber Optic Essentials (Academic, 2006).pdf

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FIBER OPTIC ESSENTIALS
Casimer M. DeCusatis
Distinguished Engineer, IBM Corporation, Poughkeepsie, New York
and
Carolyn J. Sher DeCusatis
Consultant
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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Contents
Preface
ix
Chapter 1 Fiber, Cables, and Connectors
1
1.1 Optical Fiber Principles
4
1.2 Basic Terminology
13
1.3 Single-Mode Fiber
16
1.4 Multimode Fiber
19
1.5 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs)
20
1.6 Plastic Optical Fiber
21
1.7 Cables
23
References
26
Chapter 2 Transmitters
29
2.1 Basic Transmitter Specification Terminology
30
2.1.1 Laser Safety
32
2.2 Light Emitting Diodes
34
2.3 Lasers
39
2.3.1 Double Heterostructure Laser Diodes
43
2.3.2 Quantum Well (QW) and Strained Layer (SL) Quantum
Well Lasers
44
2.3.3 Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) and Distributed
Feedback (DFB) Lasers
45
2.3.4 Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
47
2.4 Modulators
48
2.4.1 Lithium Niobate Modulators
50
2.4.2 Electroabsorption Modulators
51
2.4.3 Electro Optic and Electrorefractive Semiconductor
Modulators
52
References
53
v
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vi Contents
Chapter 3 Detectors and Receivers
55
3.1 Basic Detector Specification Terminology
56
3.2 PN Photodiode
62
3.3 PIN Photodiode
65
3.4 Other Detectors
73
3.4.1 Avalanche Photodiode
74
3.4.2 Photodiode Array
76
3.4.3 Schottky-Barrier Photodiodes
78
3.4.4 Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) Detectors
79
3.4.5 Resonant-Cavity Enhanced Photodetectors (RECAP)
82
3.4.6 Interferometric Sensors
83
3.5 Noise
85
3.5.1 Shot Noise
88
3.5.2 Thermal Noise
88
3.5.3 Other Noise Sources
89
3.5.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
90
References
91
Chapter 4 Fiber Optic Link Design
93
4.1 Figures of Merit
93
4.2 Link Budget Analysis
98
4.2.1 Installation Loss
98
4.2.2 Transmission Loss
99
4.2.3 Attenuation vs. Wavelength
99
4.2.4 Connector and Splice Loss
99
4.3 Optical Power Penalties
100
4.3.1 Dispersion
100
4.3.2 Mode Partition Noise
103
4.3.3 Relative Intensity Noise
104
4.3.4 Jitter
105
4.3.5 Modal Noise
106
4.3.6 Radiation Induced Loss
107
References
108
Chapter 5 Repeaters and Optical Amplifiers
111
5.1 Repeaters
114
5.2 Optical Amplifiers
115
5.2.1 Rare Earth Doped Optical Fiber Amplifiers
115
5.2.2 Semiconductor Amplifiers
119
5.2.3 Nonlinear Effects and Optical Amplifiers for WDM
120
References
124
Chapter 6 Wavelength Multiplexing
125
6.1 WDM Design Considerations
130
6.2 Network Topologies
135
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Contents
vii
6.3 Latency
138
6.4 Protection and Restoration
143
6.5 Network Management
145
References
146
Chapter 7 Fiber Optic Communication Standards
149
7.1 Why Do We Need Standards?
149
7.2 ESCON/SBCON
154
7.3 Fiber Distributed Data Interface
155
7.4 Fibre Channel Standard
157
7.5 ATM/SONET
158
7.6 Gigabit Ethernet
160
7.7 InfiniBand
162
References
163
Chapter 8 Fabrication and Measurement
165
8.1 Fabrication Techniques
165
8.1.1 Fiber Drawing: Liquid Phase Methods
166
8.1.2 Fiber Drawing: Chemical Vapor Deposition
167
8.2 Fiber Bragg Gratings
170
8.3 Semiconductor Device Fabrication
171
8.4 Measurement Equipment
174
8.4.1 Fiber Optic Power Meter
174
8.4.2 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
175
8.4.3 Bit Error Rate Test (BERT)
176
8.4.4 Digital Sampling Oscilloscope
177
References
179
Chapter 9 Medical Applications
181
9.1 Endoscopes
182
9.1.1 Rigid Endoscopes
185
9.1.2 The Clinical Environment
186
9.2 Laser Fibers
186
9.2.1 Applications
188
9.3 Illumination
190
9.4 Biosensors
191
References
193
Chapter 10 Fiber Facts
195
10.1 Basic Information
195
10.1.1 Moore’s “Law” and Optical Data Communication
196
10.1.2 Internet Traffic
197
10.1.3 Capacity vs. Cost
197
10.2 Disaster Recovery Facts
198
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