zasady_przechowywania_negatywow_ang.pdf
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Pobierz
Negatives
Prints
Tapes
CDs
DVDs
by
Peter Z. Adelstein,
Image Permanence Institute
TORAGE is the single most important
factor determining the useful life of mod-
ern information media. (For electronic
media, copying and format obsolescence
are also impor tant, but those issues
are beyond the scope of this publication.) The
IPI Media Storage Quick Reference
(MSQR)
attempts to explain the role of storage condi-
tions—that is, temperature (T), relative humidity
(RH), and air quality—in the physical survival
of photographs, films, audio and video tapes,
CDs, and DVDs.
Research shows that lower temperature
and RH can greatly improve material stability, a
fact reflected in the standards published by the
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO). The ISO standards recommend climate
conditions for the storage of specific media,
and when possible, these recommendations
should be followed. The standards are less
helpful, however, when it comes to assess-
ing how a particular environment will affect a
collection or deciding on the best environment
for storing a collection that contains media of
different types—common concerns among
collection managers. The purpose of the MSQR
is to distill and present, in one publication, the
information you need to make informed deci-
sions about the storage of the mixed collections
of photographic, magnetic, and optical media
in your care.
CONTENTS
USING THE MSQR .................................................. 1
A FRAMEWORK FOR MEDIA PRESERVATION......... 2
The Three Categories of Environmentally Induced
Decay ............................................................... 2
Decay Caused by Improper Storage....................... 2
Assessing Your Environment.................................. 3
Condition Assessment—A-D Strip Testing for
Acetate Film Collections................................... 3
Should Degraded Nitrate and Acetate Film Be
Segregated?..................................................... 3
CATEGORIZING YOUR ENVIRONMENT BY AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE ................................................. 4
SIMPLIFIED STORAGE GUIDELINES FOR MIXED
COLLECTIONS .................................................. 5
Air Quality .............................................................. 5
Planning for COLD or FROZEN Storage .................. 6
Enclosures ............................................................. 7
MEDIA SUPPORT CHRONOLOGY............................ 8
THE WHEEL............................................................ 9
GLOSSARY ........................................................... 10
REFERENCES ....................................................... 10
USING THE MSQR
Decision-making about new or existing storage
facilities usually starts with one of three key
questions:
• How good (or bad) are my existing storage
conditions?
• What storage conditions should I have for
the media in my collection?
• What storage compromises can I safely
make for my collection of different media
types?
These questions are answered throughout
this booklet and on the MSQR wheel.
The Booklet
These pages are not laid out in strictly linear
fashion for cover-to-cover reading but rather
in discreet blocks of interrelated information
as illustrated in Fig. 1. You may find it useful
to browse for the topics that interest you most.
Table 3 on p. 5 is literally and figuratively the
centerpiece of the MSQR. It presents an over-
view of the suitability of storage environments
for various media types. Preservation issues
related to specific media can be found in tan
boxes throughout the booklet; each box contains
information about a specific medium, including
structure, par ticular preservation concerns,
ISO recommendations, and simplified storage
recommendations. The light blue boxes present
important side issues such as low-temperature
storage, enclosures, environmental assess-
ment, and condition assessment.
The Wheel
An impor tant component of the
MSQR is the two-sided wheel
(Fig. 2), which can be found in
the pocket at the back of the
booklet. Side 1 of the wheel,
the Media Storage Summary,
provides a medium-by-medium
overview of preservation is-
sues (kinds of decay or other
problems), recommendations (key
storage considerations), and simple
guidance on the suitability of four typical
environments, ROOM, COOL, COLD, and FRO-
ZEN. The Media Support Chronology on Side
2 is a guide to the types and dates of use of
nitrate, acetate, and polyester plastic supports
for various film and magnetic tape media.
Media Index
Photographic glass plates................................... 2
Nitrate base photographic film............................ 3
Acetate base photographic film .......................... 4
Polyester base photographic film ...................... 4
Photographic paper prints ................................. 6
Ink jet prints........................................................ 6
Magnetic tape .................................... 7
CDs and DVDs ............................ 7
Text under blue and
white headings: general
preservation overview
and guidelines for un-
derstanding and apply-
ing simplified storage
recommendations.
Blue boxes contain
important side issues
related to collection
care.
Tan boxes offer information on specific media: structure,
key preservation issues, ISO recommendations, and
simplified storage recommendations.
Fig. 2. The Media Storage Summary is on Side 1 of the
MSQR wheel. The Media Support Chronology is on
Side 2.
Fig. 1. Guide to navigating the MSQR.
A FRAMEWORK for MEDIA PRESERVATION
ithout a lock on the door, a roof over-
head, and some degree of orderly
arrangement, a media collection has
little chance of survival. Once these
basic conditions for preservation are satisfied,
however, the most urgent problem is slow but
steady decay. Some media, CD-ROMs, for ex-
ample, decay slowly and can tolerate a variety
of storage conditions. Most other media decay
much faster and need special environments to
have a long useful life.
Each medium has its Achilles’ heel and
its own special requirements. The dyes in
color photographs spontaneously fade at room
temperature in a rather short period of time;
low-temperature storage is the only way to
preserve them. Black-and-white photographic
prints don’t require low-temperature storage,
but the silver particles making up the images
are very sensitive to high humidity and airborne
contaminants. Media preservation depends on
our understanding of the vulnerabilities of each
media type so that we can provide the proper
storage conditions. For new, undeteriorated ma-
terials that will be kept in purpose-built storage
facilities, this task is relatively straightforward.
But when some elements of the collection are
older or already deteriorated, storage conditions
that dramatically slow down the rate of deterio-
ration are in order. In practice, you must know
the current decay status of your collections and
have reliable data on their actual storage condi-
tions. You need three pieces of information to
make good storage decisions:
• The behavior of the different media types
in your collection
• Their current state of preservation
• The prevailing storage conditions.
The Three Categories of Environmentally Induced Decay
The three general categories of environmentally
induced deterioration are biological, chemical, and
mechanical (or physical).
Biological Decay
Biological decay includes all the living organisms that
can harm media. Mold, insects, rodents, bacteria, and
algae all have a strong dependence on temperature
and RH. Mold and mildew are serious dangers to
media collections. Sustained high RH (above 70%
or so for more than a few days) should be avoided.
Chemical Decay
Chemical decay is due to spontaneous chemical
change. Fading of color dyes in photographs and
degradation of binder layers in magnetic tape are
examples of decay caused by chemical reactions
occurring within the materials themselves. The speed
of these reactions depends primarily on temperature,
but moisture also plays a role. In general, the warmer
the temperature of the storage area, and the higher the
RH, the faster the media collection will be affected by
chemical decay. Chemical decay is a major threat to
media that have color dyes and/or nitrate or acetate
plastic supports. COLD storage is recommended for
these materials; FROZEN is recommended when signs
of deterioration are present.
Mechanical Decay
Mechanical forms of decay are related to the changes
in size and shape of water-absorbing materials such
as cellulosic plastic film supports or the gelatin binder
in photographic materials. RH is the environmental
variable that determines how much water is absorbed
into collection objects. When the RH is very low
(below about 15%) for long periods of time, objects
lose moisture and shrink. The opposite is true when
RH remains high (above 70%). Expansion due to
extreme dampness and contraction due to extreme
dryness cause stresses among the layers of media
objects, which can lead to permanent deformation
and layer separation.
Excessive dampness is a very serious environmen-
tal threat to media collections, because it contributes
not only to mechanical decay but to biological and
chemical decay as well.
Photographic Glass Plates
STRUCTURE
Silver image particles
in a gelatin binder on
glass support.
PRESERVATION ISSUES
Decay Related to Temperature and RH
•
Silver image decay
• Glass deterioration
• Layer separation.
The glass support is
dimensionally stable in changing humidity, but
the gelatin binder is not and will contract at low
humidity. If the stress between the contracting
binder and the glass is greater than the adhe-
sion between the gelatin and the glass, the two
layers will separate.
• Mold
Other Concerns
• Harmful enclosures
• Breakage. Handling and enclosure guidelines
are given in ISO 18918.
7, 12
• Poor air quality
ISO RECOMMENDATIONS
7
Max temp: 64°F (18°C). RH from 30% to 40%.
Lower humidities can cause layer separation.
SIMPLIFIED STORAGE
RECOMMENDATIONS
12
COOL temperature ensures
greater protection from image
decay. COLD and FROZEN offer
marginal benefits.
Decay Caused by Improper Storage
The ten types of decay listed in the table are major
threats to media collections. Some forms of decay
may affect only one media type; others may affect
several types. The good news is that the proper
environment will effectively minimize the risk of
decay-related damage.
Table 1: The types of decay that threaten media, the media that are affected, and recommended
storage environments.
2
Assessing Your Environment
Getting Data
Knowing the temperature and RH conditions in your
storage environment is a critical part of preservation
practice, but this is impossible without reliable data.
Storage areas should be continuously monitored.
Electronic temperature and RH sensors that allow
data to be analyzed on computers are preferable;
sophisticated analysis or visualization of long-term
trends is difficult to do with chart recorders. Many
kinds of electronic dataloggers are available on the
market. In some cases, temperature and RH data may
be obtained from computerized systems that control
the air-conditioning equipment in buildings.
Fluctuations
Fluctuations in temperature and RH are always a
concern in environmental assessment. Fortunately,
short-term RH fluctuations generally are not much of
a threat to media collections and should not cause
alarm. The level of sensitivity to environmentally
induced mechanical damage is fairly low for most me-
dia. In addition, enclosures such as boxes and cans
tend to buffer fast RH changes. Maintaining steady
conditions should not be the objective, if it must be
achieved at the cost of low temperature and RH. For
the stability of media collections, the key concerns
are long-term average temperature and RH and the
profile of seasonal changes. The most impor tant
environmental trends are usually seasonal in nature.
IPI Analysis Tools
IPI has developed a web-based data analysis plat-
form especially for the complex job of analyzing
temperature and RH data. The web application offers
the possibility of storing a large number of data sets,
and it performs quantitative determinations of the
overall rate of chemical decay and the risk of mold
growth, mechanical damage, and corrosion tailored
to the specific needs of library, museum, and archival
collections. IPI has also developed the PEM2
®
, a data
logger designed explicitly for preservation use. With
these tools it is possible to perform environmental
risk assessments that relate directly to preservation
concerns. More information can be found on the IPI
web site: www.imagepermanenceinstitute.org.
Condition Assessment—A-D Strip Testing for Acetate Film Collections
Should Degraded Nitrate and
Acetate Film Be Segregated?
Nitrate and acetate films that have already deteriorated
can emit acidic gases that may be absorbed by other
film stored nearby. It is possible that absorption of
acidic and oxidizing vapors from degrading films can
accelerate decay among undeteriorated films in the
same storage area. Severely deteriorated
nitrate
films
(those showing extreme brittleness, gelatin softening,
and other signs of advanced decay) should be removed
from collections and safely disposed of. In practice,
however, it
usually is not practical or desireable
to
separate either degraded acetate or early-stage deterio-
rated nitrate film from the rest of the collection. The rate
of decay of “good” film depends much more heavily on
temperature than it does on the amount of acid vapor
the film may have absorbed from “bad” neighbors. In
addition, adequate ventilation and fresh air exchange
can greatly mitigate the threat of contamination.
Acetate-base materials are inherently prone to a type
of chemical decay known as vinegar syndrome.1 As
the decay progresses, materials become more acidic,
degrade at an ever faster rate, and eventually are ir-
reversibly damaged. Unless preventive measures are
taken, any acetate-base collection eventually will be
lost. To know the risk of material loss in your acetate
collection and implement a sound preservation
strategy, you must first know the overall condition
of the collection.
What Are A-D Strips?
A-D Strips are used to determine the extent of chemi-
cal decay in acetate-base collections. These small
indicator papers turn from blue, through shades
of green, to yellow in the presence of the increas-
ing amounts of acidic vapor given off by decaying
acetate. In this way, the strips indirectly measure
the degree of decay in an acetate material. Fig. 3
illustrates the relationship between the color change
in an A-D Strip and rising acidity in a decaying acetate
material. Four color levels (ranging from A-D Strip
level 0 to A-D Strip level 3) characterize the advance
of decay. The higher the number, the greater the risk
of material loss due to acetate decay. At A-D Strip
level 2 physical property changes (e.g., brittleness,
distortion, or shrinkage) are imminent.
The testing method is simple. An A-D Strip is
placed in a confined space with the item to be tested
(Fig. 4). After exposure, the resulting strip color is
compared to the A-D Strip color scale (Fig. 5). Infor-
mation about A-D Strips and their use can be found
in the User’s Guide for A-D Strips (available on line
at www.imagepermanenceinstitute.org).
Testing—Which Materials, How Many
Samples?
Acetate-base materials include film (both still and
Fig. 4. Testing with A-D Strips.
Fig. 5. Strip color is compared
to the color scale printed on the
accompanying pencil.
moving images) and magnetic sound
recordings. Collections of these
materials are often large, and condi-
tion evaluation is essential. Testing a
random sample of a collection with
A-D Strips can give an idea of the
collection’s overall condition. The sample size will
depend on the size of the collection and the desired
level of confidence in the data analysis. Statistical
models can be applied. As a rule of thumb, randomly
testing about 1,000 items will provide sufficient in-
formation for a collection of 10,000 items or more.
The task of testing every item in a large collection is
daunting and is usually impractical; it is best to start
by testing a random sample. If pockets of materials
are found to be affected by acetate decay, these could
be tested further, if desired, after the overall condition
is assessed or whenever institution resources make
it possible.
What Do We Do with the Results?
Be prepared to act on your survey results. Now that
you have a general picture of the collection’s condi-
tion and know whether or not the situation is urgent,
you can respond appropriately. Most importantly, the
data will tell you how much of the col-
lection is in critical condition. Acetate
materials displaying A-D Strip level 2
or above are considered to be in poor
to critical condition and should be
stored under FROZEN conditions (see
Table 3) and/or duplicated. COLD stor-
age conditions are fine for collections
unaffected or only slightly affected by
acetate decay. Condition assessment
tells us what type of storage the collec-
tion requires. A well-balanced strategy
will involve providing adequate stor-
age, prioritizing duplication, and plan-
ning ongoing condition monitoring.
Nitrate-Base Photographic Film
STRUCTURE
Silver image particles
in a gelatin binder on
nitrate base.
PRESERVATION ISSUES
Decay Related to Temperature and RH
•
Silver image decay
• Nitrate decay.
May cause yellowing, buckling,
distortion, and shrinkage of film and corrosion of
metal cans. Can also cause silver image decay.
• Binder degradation.
Nitrate base decay may
cause gelatin binder to become soft or sticky.
•
Mold
Other Concerns
•
High flammability
•
Harmful enclosures
• Poor air quality
• Off-gassing.
Degrading nitrate base emits
acidic and oxidizing gases that threaten nearby
materials.
ISO RECOMMENDATIONS
3
Max. temp: 36°F (2°C). RH from 20% to 30%.
SIMPLIFIED STORAGE
RECOMMENDATIONS
12
COLD is consistent with the
ISO recommendation. If there
is evidence of base degrada-
tion, FROZEN should be used.
Fig. 3. Relationship between A-D Strip levels, film acidity, and film
condition.
3
CATEGORIZING YOUR
ENVIRONMENT by
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
Acetate-Base Photographic Film
BLACK-AND-WHITE
STRUCTURE
Silver image particles
in a gelatin binder on
acetate base. Some
sheet films may have
a gelatin backcoating.
PRESERVATION ISSUES
Decay Related to Temperature and RH
• Silver image decay
• Acetate decay.
May cause distortion, shrinkage,
and brittleness. Often detected by vinegar odor
(vinegar syndrome); severity can be determined
with A-D Strips.
• Mold
Other Concerns
• Harmful enclosures
• Poor air quality
• Outgassing.
Degrading acetate releases acidic
gases that threaten nearby materials.
ISO RECOMMENDATIONS
6
Max. temp. depends on max. RH.
36°F (2°C) max. temp. for 50% max. RH.
41°F (5°C) max. temp. for 40% max. RH.
45°F (7°C) max. temp. for 30% max. RH.
SIMPLIFIED STORAGE
RECOMMENDATIONS
12
COLD with 50% max. RH is
similar to the ISO recommen-
dation. If the A-D Strip reading
is 2 or greater, film should be
stored at the FROZEN condi-
tion and duplicated as soon as
possible.
COLOR
STRUCTURE
Organic dye image
layers in a gelatin
binder on acetate
base. Some sheet
films may have a
gelatin backcoating.
PRESERVATION ISSUES
Decay Related to Temperature and RH
• Color image decay
2
• Acetate decay.
May cause distortion, shrinkage,
and brittleness. Often detected by vinegar odor
(vinegar syndrome); severity can be determined
with A-D Strips.
• Mold
Other Concerns
• Poor air quality
• Outgassing.
Degrading acetate releases acidic
gases that threaten nearby materials.
ISO RECOMMENDATIONS
6
Max. temp. depends on max. RH.
14°F (-10°C) max. temp. for 50% max. RH.
27°F (-3°C) max. temp. for 40% max. RH.
36°F (2°C) max. temp. for 30% max. RH.
SIMPLIFIED STORAGE
RECOMMENDATIONS
12
COLD with 50% max. RH is
less stringent than the ISO
recommendation but will
provide satisfactory image
stability for over 300 yrs.
2
If
the A-D Strip reading is 2 or
greater, film should be stored
at the FROZEN condition and duplicated as soon as
possible.
ollectively, the ISO standards for individual
media contain seven different temperature
recommendations. To simplify the evalu-
ation and planning of storage conditions
for mixed media collections, the MSQR divides
the range of possible temperatures into four
categories: ROOM, COOL, COLD, and FROZEN.
The Four Temperature Categories
Even though each of the four categories repre-
sents a range of temperatures, it is useful here
to define ROOM, COOL, COLD, and FROZEN
by single “anchor-point” values, as shown in
Fig. 6 below. (It should be remembered that, in
reality, the effect of temperature on decay rate
is a continuum. The higher the temperature, the
faster the decay, and vice versa.) Using Fig. 6
and data gathered through an environmental
assessment, you should be able to place your
storage environment in one of these four catego-
ries. It’s very likely that your storage temperature
is not precisely one of the four shown in Fig. 6.
In this case, the following rules of thumb should
help you decide where your environment fits:
1. Any environment with an average temperature
at or below 32°F (0°C) can be considered
FROZEN.
2. If your real-life average temperature is
closer to one anchor-point temperature than
another, simply apply the closer category.
For example, if your storage temperature
is 50°F (10°C), your environment would be
considered COOL.
3. If your average temperature is about equi-
distant from the temperatures on either side,
consider both the cooler scenario and the
warmer scenario when referring to Table 3.
Polyester Base Photographic Film
BLACK-AND-WHITE
STRUCTURE
Silver image particles
in a gelatin binder on
polyester base.
PRESERVATION ISSUES
Decay related to T/RH conditions
•
Silver image decay
•
Mold
Other concerns
•
Harmful enclosures
• Poor air quality
ISO RECOMMENDATIONS
6
Max. temp: 70°F (21°C). Max. RH: 50%
SIMPLIFIED STORAGE
RECOMMENDATIONS
12
COOL with 50% max. RH
recommended to minimize pos-
sibility of silver image decay.
COLOR
STRUCTURE
Organic dye image
layers in a gelatin
binder on polyester
base.
PRESERVATION ISSUES
Decay Related to Temperature and RH
•
Color image decay
•
Mold
Other concerns
•
Harmful enclosures
• Poor air quality
ISO RECOMMENDATIONS
6
Max. temp. depends on max. RH.
14°F (-10°C) max. temp. for 50% max. RH.
27°F (-3°C) max. temp. for 40% max. RH.
36°F (2°C) max. temp. for 30% max. RH.
SIMPLIFIED STORAGE
RECOMMENDATIONS
12
COLD with 50% max. RH is less
stringent than the ISO recom-
mendation but will provide
satisfactory image stability for
over 300 yrs.
2
Fig. 6. The four temperature categories. In this
context, ROOM, COOL, and COLD are characterized by
one “anchor-point” temperature. FROZEN applies to
temperatures of 32°F (0°C) and below.
4
SIMPLIFIED STORAGE GUIDELINES for MIXED COLLECTIONS
Using Table 3
Table 3 addresses two key questions: Is the
current storage environment adequate? What
environment does the collection really need?
Which Environment for Mixed Media
Collections?
The challenge of providing proper storage for
collections of mixed media types can be met in
two ways. You can either provide a number of
special storage environments to accommodate
the different types of media in your collection,
or you can make an educated compromise and
define one adequate environment for all materials
in that collection. The color-coded rating system
in Table 3 visually helps you choose a suitable
environment for a particular collection. You can
see at a glance that a COLD environment would
be suitable for preserving a collection containing
all twelve media types discussed here. COOL and
FROZEN
environments would also be suitable for
certain mixed collections, depending on their
contents. When you know what the contents of
a mixed collection are, you can use Table 3 to
find a “comfort zone” for long-term preservation.
What About Deteriorating Materials?
A material’s current condition is a key factor in
determining its storage requirements. The foot-
note in Table 3 points out that degrading nitrate
and acetate materials need FROZEN storage
for optimum stability. (Assessing the condition
of acetate-base collections using A-D Strips is
discussed on p. 3.)
he impact of ROOM, COOL, COLD, and
FROZEN environments can be different
for different media. Before making any
storage decisions, you must assess an
environment’s harmful or beneficial effects on
the stability of the materials in your collection.
Rating Storage Suitability
The qualitative rating system defined in Table
2 is based on stability studies, ISO recom-
mendations, and evidence gathered from the
field. The terms
No, Fair, Good
, and
Very Good
were chosen to reflect the appropriateness
of an environment for a specific medium.
No
means that the environment is likely to cause
significant damage.
Fair
,
Good
, and
Very Good
can be seen as indicators of increasing benefits
for material stability.
Starting with the Environment
Having categorized your environment, you can
determine if a media collection is safe and
if other types of media can be stored in the
same environment. If you have determined
that your environment is ROOM, COOL, COLD,
or FROZEN, you can find a qualitative rating of
its suitability for the media of interest in Table
3. The table shows that most media should not
be kept in ROOM conditions, as indicated by
the large number of No ratings. It also indicates
that all media types can be safely stored in a
COLD environment. For all four environments,
RH should be kept between 30% and 50%.
Table 2. Qualitative rating system.
Starting with the Medium
Table 3 can help you determine the proper
storage environment for a particular medium.
It shows which environment to avoid and which
environment will work for long-term preserva-
tion of that medium—useful information in
planning a new storage facility or in deciding if
a particular medium can be stored in an existing
storage space. (See also Side 1 of the wheel.)
Table 3. Suitability of environments for storage of various media types.
NOTE: Degrading acetate and nitrate should be frozen. The ratings for ink jet prints reflect their susceptibility to pollutants and contaminants.
Air Quality
Proper storage for media collections should include
some means to control solid and gaseous contami-
nants in the atmosphere.
Particulates
Particulates are very small-diameter solids that settle
on surfaces in storage spaces. They can come from
outside (if no filtration is provided) or be produced
inside (debris from deteriorating materials or human
activity). Particulates in the form of dust and grit can
cause surface abrasion, and they can also be reactive
toward images.
Gaseous Pollutants
These come mostly from outside sources, such as
automotive exhaust and industrial processes, but they
also can be produced inside by deteriorating materials
or poor-quality enclosures. Pollutants released by a
degrading material may affect adjacent materials in a
storage area. Activities such as photocopying, general
maintenance, or construction can introduce ozone,
formaldehydes, ammonia, and other pollutants.
Ozone and nitrogen dioxide are oxidizing pollutants
that are damaging to organic dyes, silver images,
and image binders.
Dealing with Pollutants
Most large commercial buildings have cloth or “bag”
filters to capture particulates as they enter the build-
ing. Internally produced particulates are also reduced
by these filters as the air is recirculated. Filters to
remove gaseous pollutants from the outside are less
common. Charcoal filters remove ozone and some
other gaseous pollutants fairly efficiently, but they are
less effective with nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
). Potassium
permanganate media can remove NO
2
.
If particulate or gaseous pollutants are a problem
in your institution, a plan should be made to measure
the level of contamination and determine its source.
As a general precaution, bag filters should be cleaned
and gaseous pollutant filters should be changed
regularly. Consult your facilities department about
the types of systems your institution has and about
the maintenance schedule.
5
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