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Transliteration of Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman Turkish
1/3
OTTOMAN TURKISH
Arabic script
(0.0)
Modern Birnbaum WWS ALA-LC EI
Turkish 1967 1996 1997 1960
Consonants
iso ini med in
a, ā
ﺏ ﺑ ﺒ ﺐ
b, p b b [b, p] b b
ﭖ ﭘ ﭙ ﭗ
p p p [p] p p
ﺕ ﺗ ﺘ ﺖ
t t t [t] t t
ﺙ ﺛ ﺜ ﺚ
s s̱ s̱ [s] s̱ th
ﺝ ﺟ ﺠ ﺞ
c, ç c c [dʒ, tʃ] c dj
ﭺ ﭼ ﭽ ﭻ
ç ç ç [tʃ] ç č
ﺡ ﺣ ﺤ ﺢ
h ḥ ḥ [h] ḥ ḥ
ﺥ ﺧ ﺨ ﺦ
h ḫ ḫ [h] ḫ kh
ﺩ ﺪ
d d d [d, t] d d
ﺫ ﺬ
z ẕ ẕ [z] ẕ dh
ﺭ ﺮ
r r r [r] r r
ﺯ ﺰ
z z z [z] z z
ﮊ ﮋ
j j j [ʒ] j zh
ﺱ ﺳ ﺴ ﺲ
s s s [s] s s
ﺵ ﺷ ﺸ ﺶ
ş ş ş [ʃ] ş sh
ﺹ ﺻ ﺼ ﺺ
s ṣ ṣ [s] ṣ ṣ
ﺽ ﺿ ﻀ ﺾ
z, d ż ż [z, d] ż ḍ
ﻁ ﻃ ﻄ ﻂ
t, d ṭ ṭ [t, d] ṭ ṭ
ﻅ ﻇ ﻈ ﻆ
z ẓ ẓ [z] ẓ ẓ
ﻉ ﻋ ﻌ ﻊ
–
–
–
ʿ ʿ [Ø, ɑ] ‘ ʿ
ﻍ ﻏ ﻐ ﻎ
ğ ġ ġ [ɣ, ɡ, k, h] ġ gh
ﻑ ﻓ ﻔ ﻒ
f f f [f, p] f f
ﻕ ﻗ ﻘ ﻖ
k ḳ ḳ [k] ḳ ḳ
ﻙ ﻛ ﻜ ﻚ
k, y k, ẏ
(2.1)
k [k, j] k k
ﮒ ﮔ ﮕ ﮓ
(0.1)
g, k g g [ɡ, k] g g
ﯓ ﯕ ﯖ ﯔ
(0.1)
n ñ ñ [ɲ] ñ ñ
ﻝ ﻟ ﻠ ﻞ
l l l [l] l l
ﻡ ﻣ ﻤ ﻢ
m m m [m] m m
ﻥ ﻧ ﻨ ﻦ
n n n [n] n n
ﻭ ﻮ
v v v [v] v w
ﻩ ﻫ ﻬ ﻪ
h h h [h, ɑ, i, e] h h
ﺓ ﺔ
–
e, a, t
(2.2)
h [t
(3.1)
]
ﻯ ﻳ ﻴ ﻰ
y y y [j] y y
–
ﻻ ﻼ
la lā la [lɑ] la lā
ﺀ
◌
–
(’) ʾ
(2.3)
ʾ [Ø] ’ ʾ
omas T. Pedersen (
ttpedersen@myrealbox.com)
Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04
ﺍ ﺎ
a
Ottoman Turkish
2/3
Modern Birnbaum WWS ALA-LC EI
Turkish 1967 1996 1997 1960
Vowels
iso ini med in
ﺍ
َ
◌
,
آ
,
ى
َ
◌
,
ٰ◌
‐a, ‐â ‐ā
–
–
‐ā
ﻯ
ِ
◌
,
ّ
ﻯ
ِ
◌
,
ﻴ
ِ
◌
‐i (‐î), ‐ı, ‐ī
(2.4)
–
–
‐ī, ‐, ‐ē, ‐ā
‐e, ‐a (‐â)
ﻭ
ُ
◌
‐o, ‐u (‐û), ‐ū
–
–
‐ū, ‐ō, ‐ü, ‐ö
‐ö, ‐ü
◌
ﹶ
‐a, ‐e ‐a, ‐e [ɑ, Ø; o, e
(3.2)
]
–
‐a, ‐e
◌ﹺ
‐i, ‐ı
(1.1)
‐i, ‐ı [i, y, e, ej,
–
‐i, ‐
ɑ, u, ɯ]
◌ﹸ
‐o, ‐u, ‐ü, ‐u; [Ø, u, ɯ, i,
–
‐o, ‐u,
‐ö, ‐ü ‐ö, ‐o y, o, œ] ‐ö, ‐ü
Vowel letters in Turkish words
آ آ
–
ﺎ
a a, ē
(2.5)
ا
e e
ﻪ
ﹶ
◌
,
ا أ
,
ه
ﹶ
◌
e, a ĕ, ă
(2.6)
ﻪ ◌
,
ه ◌
e, a e, a
(2.7)
ﻪﺋ ﻪﺋ
e e
ﻯ ﻳا ﻴ
ِ
◌ ﻰ
ِ
◌
i, ı i, ı, ė
(2.8)
,
وا وا ﻮ ﻮ
ö, o; ü, u ö, o; ü, u
ﻮﺋ ﻮﺋ
ö, ü ö, ü
ﻳا
ﻳآ ﻴ
ﹶ
◌ ﻰ
ﹶ
◌
ey, ay ey, ay
ﻳوا ﻳﻮ ﹸ◌ ﻯﻮ ﹸ◌
öy, oy, üy, uy öy, oy, üy, uy
,
ﻪﹼﻴ
ِ
◌
‐iye ‐īye
ﺖﹼﻴ
ِ
◌
‐iyyet ‐īyet
◌ﹰ
‐en ‐en, ‐an
–
–
‐en
◌ﹴ
‐in ‐in, ‐ın
–
–
‐in
◌ﹲ
‐on, ‐un ‐ün, ‐un
–
–
‐on, ‐un
◌
ﹾ
Marks absence of vowel.
◌
ﹼ
Marks doubling of consonant.
لا ﻟا
el-, ül- el-, ’l-, ül-
(2.9)
–
–
el-, ’l-, ül-
Notes
0.0. Character names in Birnbaum transliteration: .
tā merbūt
.
a;
.
hemze;
.
tenvīn;
.
tedīd.
0.1. Frequently written as
ﻙ
or
ک
.
1.1.
Iżāfet
is rendered in Modern Turkish as
-i
,
-ı
when the word ends in a consonant, and as
-yi
when
the word ends in a vowel.
omas T. Pedersen (
ttpedersen@myrealbox.com)
Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04
أ
Ottoman Turkish
3/3
In Ottoman Turkish it is rendered as follows:
-i
,
-ı
:
ﺎﻔﻠﺧ
ﻦﺸﻠﮔ
Gülşen-i ḫulefā
.
ا
,
ه
or
ى
it is sometimes expressed by
ء
and is then transliterated
-ʾi
,
-ʾı
:
ﺖﺤﺻ
ۀرادا
İdāre-ʾi
Ṣıḥḥat
.
Aer
ا
or
و
it is sometimes expressed by
ى
, resulting in
-yı
:
ﻦﻴﻣز
ىور
rū-yı zemīn
.
.
2.2. Rendered as
t
at the end of the irst element of an Arabic
iżāfet
construction, of which the second
element begins with a vowel:
k
is normally not indicated, but can occasionally be rendered by
ẏ
ﻖﺋﺎﻘﺤﻟا
ةﺪﺑ ز
Zübdet ül-ḥaḳāʾiḳ
.
2.3. When
hemze
rests on non-initial
ا
or on
و
or on undotted
ﯨ
as “bearer”, these “bearers” are not
ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ
,
ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ
mesʾele
,
ﻦﻣﺆﻣ
müʾmin
,
ﺲﻴﺋﺭ
reʾīs
.
When
hemze
rests on initial
), it is not transliterated.
2.4. In Turkish scholary transliterations
i
̄
(
أ
,
إ
is used.
2.5. Rarely transliterated as
ē
, examples include
ىدﺎﻤﻠ
gelmēdi
.
2.6. Used medially to indicate the vowels
e
or
a
, especially in late 19th or 20th century orthography:
ﺮﻴﻠﻴﻧﻩﺩ
dĕnilir
,
ﻖﺟ ﻪﻟآ
alăcaḳ
. Followed by a regular suix
e
and
a
are used respectively.
ﻪ
ِ
◌
is transliterated
i
:
ﻪﻛ
ki
,
ﻪﻜﻧﻮﭼ
çūnki
.
2.8. In a limited number of historical spellings
ė
is used to indicate a closed
e
. Examples are:
ﻚﻤﻳد
ﻚﻤﺘﻳا
ėtmek
;
ﻚﻣﺮﻳ و
vėrmek
.
2.9. When followed by a “sun” letter (
;
ت
ث
د
ذ
ر
ز
س
ش
ص
ض
ط
ظ
ل
ن
) the
ل
of the article is assimilated with the
.
When immediately preceded by a long vowel, use
’l-
:
نﺎﻤﺟﺮﺘﻟا
et-tercümān
ﻖﺤﻟا
ﺎﻧا
enā ’l-Ḥaḳḳ
; apply same procedure
دﻮﻌﺴﻟا
ﻮﺑا
Ebū ’s-Suʿūd
.
When non-initial, transliterate
ül-
:
ﺮﻴﺛﻻا
ﻦﺑا
İbn ül-Es̱īr
; apply same procedure as above with “sun”
ﺎﻔﺸﻟا
راد
Dār üş-şifā
.
Names with
ﻟا
ﺪﺒﻋ
is always transliterated
ʿAbdül‐
, (except
نﺎﻤﺣﺮﻟا
ﺪﺒﻋ
which is
ʿAbdürraḥmān
);
ﻦﻳﺪﻟا
always
‐eddīn
;
ﻪﻠﻟا
always
‐ullāh
.
3.1. Indicates the Arabic feminine form.
3.2. Sometimes pronounced as
[o]
or
[e]
.
Sources
•
ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts.
Randal K. Berry (ed.). Library of Congress,
1997.
• Birnbaum, Eleazar: “e Transliteration of Ottoman Turkish for Library and General Purposes”, in
Journal of the American
Oriental Society,
vol. 87 (issue 2), April 1967. (
http://members.ams.chello.nl/olnon/transliteration/contents_2.htm)
.
•
e Encyclopaedia of Islam.
New Edition. Leiden, 1960-.
• Lagally, Klaus:
ArabTeX – a System for Typesetting Arabic. User Manual Version 3.09.
Institut für Informatik. Universität
Stuttgart, 1999. (
http://129.69.218.213/arabtex/doc/arabdoc.pdf
).
•
e World’s Writing Systems.
Peter T. Daniels & William Bright (eds.). New York, 1996.
omas T. Pedersen (
ttpedersen@myrealbox.com)
Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04
Aer
2.1. Soening of
transliterated:
ا
2.7. Final
dėmek
irst consonant of the word, e.g.
with “sun” letters:
letters:
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