Vol.6_-_Turkic_Languages_-_Zuo_Zongtang.pdf

Modern Asia

Encyclopedia of

Modern Asia

Vo l u m e 6

Tu r k i c L a n g uages to Zuo Zongtang

A Berkshire Reference Work

David Levinson • Karen Christensen, Editors

Encyclopedia of

Editorial

Virginia Aksan

McMaster University

Edward Beauchamp

University of Hawaii, Honolulu

Anthony Bichel

Central Michigan University

Rebecca Bichel

Pennsylvania State University

Linsun Cheng

University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth

Gerald Fry

University of Minnesota

Bruce Fulton

University of British Columbia

Paul Hockings

University of Illinois, Chicago

Robert LaPorte, Jr.

Pennsylvania State University

Associate Editors

Linda Arthur

University of Hawaii, Manoa

Jamal Elias

Amherst College

Allen Guttmann

Amherst College

Josie Hernandez de Leon

Laurentian University

Gustaaf Houtman

Royal Anthropological Institute, London, U.K.

Bruce Lockhart

Singapore National University

Patit Mishra

Sambalpur University

Anthony Smith

Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Honolulu

Board

Encyclopedia of Modern Asia

David Levinson and Karen Christensen, Editors

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Levinson, David, 1947-

Encyclopedia of modern Asia : / David Levinson, Karen Christensen,

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-684-80617-7 (set hardcover : alk. paper)

1. Asia—Encyclopedias. I. Christensen, Karen, 1957- II. Title.

DS4 .L48 2002

950'.03—dc21

2002008712

Printed in United States of America

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

Volume 1

List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . xxv

Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii

Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix

Abacus to China

Volume 4

List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix

Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

Malaysia to Portuguese in Southeast Asia

Volume 5

List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix

Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

Possession to Turkey

Volume 2

List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix

Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

China-India Relations to Hyogo

Volume 6

List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix

Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

Turkic Languages to Zuo Zongtang

Directory of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Volume 3

List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix

Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

Iaido to Malay-Indonesian Language

E NCYCLOPEDIA OF M ODERN A SIA

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