Principles of Charged Particle Acceleration - S. Humphries.pdf - Particle Physics - ultrastarS

Principles of Charged

Particle Acceleration

Stanley Humphries, Jr.

Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering

University of New Mexico

Albuquerque, New Mexico

(Originally published by John Wiley and Sons.

any part of this work beyond that permitted by

Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States

permission or further information should be

addressed to Stanley Humphries, Department of

Electrical and Computer Engineering, University

of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.

QC787.P3H86 1986, ISBN 0-471-87878-2

To my parents, Katherine and Stanley Humphries

Preface to the Digital Edition

I created this digital version of Principles of Charged Particle Acceleration because of the

large number of inquiries I received about the book since it went out of print two years ago. I

would like to thank John Wiley and Sons for transferring the copyright to me. I am grateful to

the members of the Accelerator Technology Division of Los Alamos National Laboratory for

their interest in the book over the years. I appreciate the efforts of Daniel Rees to support the

digital conversion.

STANLEY HUMPHRIES, JR.

University of New Mexico

July, 1999

Preface to the 1986 Edition

This book evolved from the first term of a two-term course on the physics of charged particle

acceleration that I taught at the University of New Mexico and at Los Alamos National

Laboratory. The first term covered conventional accelerators in the single particle limit. The

second term covered collective effects in charged particle beams, including high current

transport and instabilities. The material was selected to make the course accessible to graduate

students in physics and electrical engineering with no previous background in accelerator theory.

Nonetheless, I sought to make the course relevant to accelerator researchers by including

complete derivations and essential formulas.

The organization of the book reflects my outlook as an experimentalist. I followed a building

block approach, starting with basic material and adding new techniques and insights in a

programmed sequence. I included extensive review material in areas that would not be familiar

to the average student and in areas where my own understanding needed reinforcement. I tried to

make the derivations as simple as possible by making physical approximations at the beginning

of the derivation rather than at the end. Because the text was intended as an introduction to the

field of accelerators, I felt that it was important to preserve a close connection with the physical

basis of the derivations; therefore, I avoided treatments that required advanced methods of

mathematical analysis. Most of the illustrations in the book were generated numerically from a

library of demonstration microcomputer programs that I developed for the courses. Accelerator

specialists will no doubt find many important areas that are not covered. I apologize in advance

for the inevitable consequence of writing a book of finite length.

I want to express my appreciation to my students at Los Alamos and the University of New

Mexico for the effort they put into the course and for their help in resolving ambiguities in the

material. In particular, I would like to thank Alan Wadlinger, Grenville Boicourt, Steven Wipf,

and Jean Berlijn of Los Alamos National Laboratory for lively discussions on problem sets and

for many valuable suggestions.

I am grateful to Francis Cole of Fermilab, Wemer Joho of the Swiss Nuclear Institute, William

Herrmannsfeldt of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Andris Faltens of Lawrence Berkeley

Laboratory, Richard Cooper of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Daniel Prono of Lawrence

Livermore Laboratory, Helmut Milde of Ion Physics Corporation, and George Fraser of Physics

International Company for contributing material and commenting on the manuscript. I was aided

in the preparation of the manuscript by lecture notes developed by James Potter of LANL and by

Francis Cole. I would like to take this opportunity to thank David W. Woodall, L. K. Len, David

Straw, Robert Jameson, Francis Cole, James Benford, Carl Ekdahl, Brendan Godfrey, William

Rienstra, and McAllister Hull for their encouragement of and contributions towards the creation

of an accelerator research program at the University of New Mexico. I am grateful for support

that I received to attend the 1983 NATO Workshop on Fast Diagnostics.

STANLEY HUMPHRIES, JR.

University of New Mexico

December, 1985

Contents

Introduction

Particle Dynamics

2.1. Charged Particle Properties

2.2. Newton's Laws of Motion

2.3. Kinetic Energy

2.4. Galilean Transformations

2.6. Time Dilation

2.7. Lorentz Contraction

2.8. Lorentz Transformations

2.9. Relativistic Formulas

2.10. Non-relativistic Approximation for Transverse Motion

Electric and Magnetic Forces

3.1. Forces between Charges and Currents

3.2. The Field Description and the Lorentz Force

3.4. Electrostatic and Vector Potentials

3.5. Inductive Voltage and Displacement Current

3.6. Relativistic Particle Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates

3.7. Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Magnetic Field

4. Steady-State Electric and Magnetic Fields

4.1. Static Field Equations with No Sources

4.2. Numerical Solutions to the Laplace Equation

4.3. Analog Met hods to Solve the Laplace Equation

4.4. Electrostatic Quadrupole Field

4.5. Static Electric Fields with Space Charge

4.7. Magnetic Potentials

2.5. Postulates of Relativity

3.3. The Maxwell Equations

4.6. Magnetic Fields in Simple Geometries

5. Modification of Electric and Magnetic Fields by Materials

5.1. Dielectrics

5.2. Boundary Conditions at Dielectric Surfaces

5.3. Ferromagnetic Materials

5.4. Static Hysteresis Curve for Ferromagnetic Materials

5.5. Magnetic Poles

5.6. Energy Density of Electric and Magnetic Fields

5.7. Magnetic Circuits

5.8. Permanent Magnet Circuits

103

6. Electric and Magnetic Field Lenses

108

6.1. Transverse Beam Control

109

6.2. Paraxial Approximation for Electric and Magnetic Fields

110

6.3. Focusing Properties of Linear Fields

113

6.4. Lens Properties

115

6.5. Electrostatic Aperture Lens

119

6.6. Electrostatic Immersion Lens

121

6.7. Solenoidal Magnetic Lens

125

6.8. Magnetic Sector Lens

127

6.9. Edge Focusing

132

6.10. Magnetic Quadrupole Lens

134

7. Calculation of Particle Orbits in Focusing Fields

137

7.1. Transverse Orbits in a Continuous Linear Focusing Force

138

7.2. Acceptance and P of a Focusing Channel

140

7.3. Betatron Oscillations

145

7.4. Azimuthal Motion of Particles in Cylindrical Beams

151

7.5. The Paraxial Ray Equation

154

7.6. Numerical Solutions of Particle Orbits

157

8. Transfer Matrices and Periodic Focusing Systems

165

8.2. Transfer Matrices for Common Optical Elements

166

8.3. Combining Optical Elements

173

8.4. Quadrupole Doublet and Triplet Lenses

176

8.5. Focusing in a Thin-Lens Array

179

8.6. Raising a Matrix to a Power

193

8.7. Quadrupole Focusing Channels

187

8.1. Transfer Matrix of the Quadrupole Lens

168

Principles of Charged Particle Acceleration - S. Humphries.pdf

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: