Essential Korean Grammar - Advanced.pdf

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Korean Modals
Korean Modals
Modals? What are modals? Modals is a grammatical term that is pretty much unknown to everyone except
grammar teachers.
You know what they are though. Have you ever wanted to say 'I can go,' 'I should go,' 'I want to go,' 'I need to
go,' or 'I may go' ?
If so, you've wanted to know how to use modals! Modals are simply combining verbs such as may, want, need,
can and should with another verb.
That is all there is to it! See, modals are not so bad, but everyone uses them in conversation.
Now you can go out, speak Korean, use modals, and communicate well!
Oh, right. You still want to know how to use them in Korean. Well, here we go!
To Want
To Need, To Have To
Can, Be Able To
May, Have Permission
Random Practice
To Want
There are two things to consider when thinking about the verb 'to want'. Since we are talking about modals, or
conditions of verbs, we are going to cover the second one in depth.
To want a noun
Alright. I will mention the first as well! The verb is:
원하다 - To want (a noun).
You use 원하다 when you say something like 'I want an apple.' 사과를 원해요 . 'I want a car' 차를 원해요 . 'I want
a house' 집을 원해요 .
To want (to do)
What if you want to say 'I want to go'? Would you say 가다 원해요 ? At first, you may think so. Unfortunately, we
cannot simply take the infinitive for 'to go', 가다 , and stick it before 'to want'.
There is another pattern you must use. The verb 'to want' becomes ~ 고 싶다 .
Now, take that infinitive, 가다 , and drop the 다 . This gives you the verb base, or simply 가 in this case. Now all
you have to do is add the new verb! 가고 싶다 .
When you say it in a sentence, 싶다 will change just like any other verbs. It becomes 싶어요 .
Simple enough? Let's just add one more thing...
~ 고 싶다 is only used when talking in first person (about yourself). This simply means you use ~ 고 싶다 if you
are talking about something you (yourself) want.
If you are talking about something someone else wants to do, the verb is ~ 고 싶어하다 .
가고 싶어해요 .
50055274.001.png
If I say ' 가고 싶어요 ', you should instantly know that 'I want to go'. But if I say 가고 싶어해요 , you should know
that someone (other than myself) wants to go. Perhaps you want to go. Perhaps my mother wants to go.
Practice
가고 싶어요 . - I want to go.
가고 싶어해요 . - You/He/She wants to go.
사과를 원해요 . - I want an apple.
책을 원해요 . - I want a book.
책을 읽고 싶어해요 . - You/He/She wants to read a book.
자고 싶어요 . - I want to sleep.
먹고 싶어요 . - I want to eat.
엄마가 물을 마시고 싶어해요 . - Anna wants to drink water.
앤나가 먹고 싶어해요 . - Anna wants to eat.
밥을 원해요 . - I want rice.
Have to, Need to
I have to do homework. Many of you may need to say this statement, even if sometimes you pass up homework
for a good time. ;-)
I have to work. This statement may fit you better.
Whether we want to do something or not, sometimes we just do not have a choice! If this is the case....
~ 야 되다 will come in handy.
Let's stick with the example 'to go' to illustrate this.
가다 - 가야 돼요 .
You simply drop the 요 from the polite form of the verb and add the ending. Note how 되다 becomes 돼요 . 되 +
어요 = 돼요 .
A couple more examples should make this pattern clear.
숙제를 해야 돼요 . - I have to do homework.
일 해야 돼요 . - I have to work.
Notice how all we did was take the verb to do, 해요 , drop the 요 , and add the ending? 해야 돼요 .
You just need to remember which part of the verb to use. In 'to want' we drop the 다 from the dictionary form and
use that (the verb stem). In this case, we drop the 요 from polite form and attach the ending to that (the casual
form of the verb).
Practice
가야 돼요 . - I have to go.
학교에 가야 돼요 . - I have to go to school.
먹어야 돼요 . - I have to eat.
밥을 먹어야 돼요 . - I have to eat rice.
마셔야 돼요 . - I have to drink.
물을 마셔야 돼요 . - I have to drink water.
50055274.002.png
Can, Be Able To
Moving right along.
If you need to say you can do something, you can go, you can eat, you use the following pattern.
Take the verb stem (drop the 다 from the dictionary form) and add ~( 으 ) ㄹ수 있어요 .
Let me explain that a little better.
First, get the verb stem. 가다 - 가 . 먹다 - 먹 . Now, add the appropriate ending.
If the verb stem ends in a vowel, like 가 , all you do is add ㄹ수 있어요 .
갈수 있어요 . - I can go.
However, if it ends in a consonant, you cannot add another consonant to the verb stem because there is already
one there! If this is the case, you add 을수 있어요 .
먹을수 있어요 . - I can eat.
That's really all there is to it! Just remember the ending is ~( 으 ) ㄹ수 있어요 .
Note: Oh, and one more thing! If the verb ends in the consonant ㄹ , you don't have to add either ㄹ or 을 . Simply
jump to the 수 있어요 . Otherwise, the ㄹ becomes redundant.
놀수 있어요 .
Conditions:
Verb ends in vowel - add ㄹ수 있어요 .
Verb ends in ㄹ - add 수 있어요 .
Verb ends in any other consonant - add 을수 있어요 .
Practice
일 할수 있어요 . - I can work.
숙제를 할수 있어요 . - I can do my homework.
와인을 마실수 있어요 . - I can drink wine.
술을 마실수 있어요 . - I can drink Korean liquor.
배울수 있어요 . - I can learn.
May, Have Permission
If you have permission to do something, you would use the verb 'may'.
I may go. (I have permission to go).
I may play. (I have permission to play).
This is pretty simple in Korean.
The ending is ~ 도 되다 .
You attach the ending to the casual form of the verb (drop the 요 from the polite form).
가도 돼요 . - I may go.
50055274.003.png
놀아도 돼요 . - I may play.
Nothing fancy here. Use the following practice to get used to this pattern.
Practice
자도 돼요 . - I have permission to sleep.
먹어도 돼요 . - I have permission to eat.
마셔도 돼요 . - I have permission to drink.
와인을 마셔도 돼요 . - I have permission to drink wine.
놀도 돼요 . - I have permission to play.
Some Real Practice
So, you understand them when separated. Do you think you can recognize what they all mean when random?
학교에 가야 돼요 . - I have to go to school.
놀고 싶어요 . - I want to play.
새 컴푸터를 원해요 . - I want a new computer.
앤나가 운동하고 싶어해요 . - Anna wants to exercise.
수영할수 있어요 . = I am able to swim.
술을 마셔도 돼요 . - I have permission to drink liquor.
읽을수 있어요 . - I can read.
수필을 써야 돼요 . - I have to write an essay.
영화를 보고 싶어요 . - I want to watch a movie.
Verb Tenses
As we all know, there are three normal verb tenses; past, present, and future. Korean has them as well! So far,
you have been working using a normal present tense form of verbs. These use the 어요 / 아요 ending.
I will briefly review the present tense. Then you will learn about another form for the present tense, followed by
past and future.
Present Tense
The present tense is just as you have learned. You take the dictionary form of a verb, drop the 다 , add the
appropriate ending.
먹다 - 먹 + 어요 = 먹어요
마시다 - 마시 + 어요 - 마시어요 - 마셔요 .
This tense is used to represent what happens in the present. I eat. I drink. It is a general term for the present.
Currently Happening
There is a form you have not learned yet that is very common dealing with the present tense. Although you can
say 먹어요 to mean you are eating, as in 밥을 먹어요 ...there is a more specific way to say you are currently
eating rice. As you speak, it is happening. The pattern is:
~ 고 있어요 .
It is quite simple. You take the verb from the dictionary form, drop the 다 and you are left with the stem. You add
고 있어요 to the verb stem and that is all! This will form a present tense of the verb of something that is currently
happening. To form the casual style, you would just add 고 있어 .
밥을 먹고 있어요 - I'm eating rice (as we speak)
우유를 마시고 있어요 - I'm drinking milk (as we speak)
반바지를 입고 있어요 - I'm wearing shorts (as we speak).
It is commonly used :) I'm currently eating... I'm currently wearing this...I'm currently reading.
There will be practice at the end of all the tenses. Otherwise, you already know what the sentences say! :)
Past Tense
Past tense is another easy verb tense. Here is the basic pattern.
1.Take the dictionary form, drop the 다
2.Add the ending 어 or 아 , which makes it the casual form (everything but the 요 at the end)
3. Add ㅆ under the last syllable
4. Add 어요 on the end.
먹다
먹 + 어 - 먹어
먹어 + ㅆ - 먹었
먹었 + 어요 = 먹었어요 .
마시다
마시 + 어 - 마셔
마셔 + ㅆ - 마셨
마셨 + 어요 = 마셨어요

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