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Java and XSLT

Eric M. Burke

Publisher: O'Reilly

First Edition September 2001

ISBN: 0-596-00143-6, 528 pages

By GiantDino

Table of Contents

Index

Full Description

About the Author

Reviews

Reader reviews

Errata

Learn how to use XSL transformations in Java programs ranging

from stand-alone applications to servlets. Java and XSLT introduces

XSLT and then shows you how to apply transformations in real-

world situations, such as developing a discussion forum,

transforming documents from one form to another, and generating

content for wireless devices.

Java and XSLT

Preface

Audience

Software and Versions

Organization

Conventions Used in This Book

How to Contact Us

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction

1.1 Java, XSLT, and the Web

1.2 XML Review

1.3 Beyond Dynamic Web Pages

1.4 Getting Started

1.5 Web Browser Support for XSLT

2. XSLT Part 1 -- The Basics

2.1 XSLT Introduction

2.2 Transformation Process

2.3 Another XSLT Example, Using XHTML

2.4 XPath Basics

2.5 Looping and Sorting

2.6 Outputting Dynamic Attributes

3. XSLT Part 2 -- Beyond the Basics

3.1 Conditional Processing

3.2 Parameters and Variables

3.3 Combining Multiple Stylesheets

3.4 Formatting Text and Numbers

3.5 Schema Evolution

3.6 Ant Documentation Stylesheet

4. Java-Based Web Technologies

4.1 Traditional Approaches

4.2 The Universal Design

4.3 XSLT and EJB

4.4 Summary of Key Approaches

5. XSLT Processingwith Java

5.1 A Simple Example

5.2 Introduction to JAXP 1.1

5.3 Input and Output

5.4 Stylesheet Compilation

6. Servlet Basics and XSLT

6.1 Servlet Syntax

6.2 WAR Files and Deployment

6.3 Another Servlet Example

6.4 Stylesheet Caching Revisited

6.5 Servlet Threading Issues

7. Discussion Forum

7.1 Overall Process

7.2 Prototyping the XML

7.3 Making the XML Dynamic

7.4 Servlet Implementation

7.5 Finishing Touches

8. Additional Techniques

8.1 XSLT Page Layout Templates

8.2 Session Tracking Without Cookies

8.3 Identifying the Browser

8.4 Servlet Filters

8.5 XSLT as a Code Generator

8.6 Internationalization with XSLT

9. Development Environment, Testing, and Performance

9.1 Development Environment

9.2 Testing and Debugging

9.3 Performance Techniques

10. Wireless Applications

10.1 Wireless Technologies

10.2 The Wireless Architecture

10.3 Java, XSLT, and WML

10.4 The Future of Wireless

A. Discussion Forum Code

B. JAXP API Reference

C. XSLT Quick Reference

Colophon

Preface

Java and Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) are very different

technologies that complement one another, rather than compete. Java's strengths are portability,

its vast collection of standard libraries, and widespread acceptance by most companies. One

weakness of Java, however, is in its ability to process text. For instance, Java may not be the

best technology for merely converting XML files into another format such as XHTML or Wireless

Markup Language (WML). Using Java for such a task requires skilled programmers who

understand APIs such as DOM, SAX, or JDOM. For web sites in particular, it is desirable to

simplify the page generation process so nonprogrammers can participate.

XSLT is explicitly designed for XML transformations. With XSLT, XML data can be transformed

into any other text format, including HTML, XHTML, WML, and even unexpected formats such as

Java source code. In terms of complexity and sophistication, XSLT is harder than HTML but

easier than Java. This means that page authors can probably learn how to use XSLT successfully

but will require assistance from programmers as pages are developed.

XSLT processors are required to interpret and execute the instructions found in XSLT

stylesheets. Many of these processors are written in Java, making Java an excellent choice for

applications that must interoperate with XML and XSLT. For web sites that utilize XSLT, Java

servlets and EJBs are still required to intercept client requests, fetch data from databases, and

implement business logic. XSLT may be used to generate each of the XHTML web pages, but

this cannot be done without a language like Java acting as the coordinator.

This book explains the most important concepts behind the XSLT markup language but is not a

comprehensive reference on that subject. Instead, the focus is on interoperability with Java, with

particular emphasis on servlets and web applications. Every concept is backed by working

examples, all of which work on widely available, free tools.

Audience

Java programmers who want to learn how to use XSLT comprise the target audience for this

book. Java programming experience is essential, and basic familiarity with XML terminology is

helpful, but not required. Since so many of the examples revolve around web applications and

servlets, Chapter 4 and 6 are devoted to this topic, offering a fast-paced tutorial to servlet

technology. Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 contain a detailed XSLT tutorial, so no prior knowledge of

XSLT is required.

This book is particularly well-suited for readers who may have read a lot about these technologies

but have not used everything together in a complete application. Chapter 7 , for example,

presents the implementation of a web-based discussion forum from start to finish. Fully worked

examples can be found in every chapter, ranging from an Ant build file documentation stylesheet

in Chapter 3 to internationalization techniques in Chapter 8 .

Software and Versions

Keeping up with the latest technologies is always a challenge, particularly when writing about

XML-related tools. The set of tools listed in Table P-1 is sufficient to run just about every

example in this book.

Table P-1. Software and versions

Tool

URL

Description

Crimson

Included with JAXP 1.1

XML parser from Apache

JAXP 1.1

http://java.sun.com/xml

Java API for XML Processing

JDK 1.2.x

http://java.sun.com

Any Java 2 Standard Edition SDK

JDOM beta 6 http://www.jdom.org

Open source alternative to DOM

JUnit 3.7

http://www.junit.org

Open source unit testing framework

Tomcat 4.0 http://jakarta.apache.org

Open source servlet container

Xalan

Included with JAXP 1.1

XSLT processor

There are certainly other tools, most notably the SAXON XSLT processor available from

http://users.iclway.co.uk/mhkay/saxon . This can easily be substituted for Xalan because of

the vendor-independence that JAXP offers.

All of the examples, as well as JAR files for the tools listed in Table P-1 , are available for

download from http://www.javaxslt.com and from the O'Reilly web site at

http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/javaxslt . The included README.txt file contains

instructions for compiling and running the examples.

Organization

This book consists of 10 chapters and 3 appendixes, as follows:

Chapter 1

Provides a broad overview of the technologies covered in this book and explains how

XML, XSLT, Java, and other APIs are related. Also reviews basic XML concepts for

readers who are familiar with Java but do not have a lot of XML experience.

Chapter 2

Introduces XSLT syntax through a series of small examples and descriptions. Describes

how to produce HTML and XHTML output and explains how XSLT works as a language.

XPath syntax is also introduced in this chapter.

Chapter 3

Continues with material presented in the previous chapter, covering more sophisticated

XSLT language features such as conditional logic, parameters and variables, text and

number formatting, and producing XML output. This chapter concludes with a more

sophisticated example that produces summary reports for Ant build files.

Chapter 4

Offers comparisons between popular web development technologies, comparing each

with the Java and XSLT approach. The model-view-controller architecture is discussed in

detail, and the relationship between XSLT web applications and EJB is touched upon.

Chapter 5

Shows how to use XSLT processors with Java applications and servlets. Older Xalan and

SAXON APIs are mentioned, but the primary focus is on Sun's JAXP. Key examples

show how to use XSLT and SAX to transform non-XML files and data sources, how to

improve performance through caching techniques, and how to interoperate with DOM

and JDOM.

Chapter 6

Provides a detailed review of Java servlet programming techniques. Shows how to create

web applications and WAR files, how to deploy XML and XSLT files within these web

applications, and how to perform XSLT transformations from servlets.

Chapter 7

Implements a complete web application from start to finish. In this chapter, a web-based

discussion forum is designed and implemented using Java, XML, and XSLT techniques.

The relationship between CSS and XSLT is presented, and XHTML Strict is used for all

web pages.

Chapter 8

Covers important Java and XSLT programming techniques that build upon concepts

presented in earlier chapters, concluding with a detailed discussion of XSLT

internationalization. Other topics include XSLT page layout templates, servlet session

tracking without cookies, browser identification, and servlet filters.

Chapter 9

Offers practical advice for making a wide range of XML parsers, XSLT processors, and

various other Java tools work together. Shows how to resolve conflicts with incompatible

XML JAR files, how to write simple unit tests with JUnit, and how to write custom JAXP

error handlers. Also discusses performance techniques and the relationship between

XSLT and EJB.

Chapter 10

Describes the world of wireless technologies, with emphasis on Wireless Markup

Language (WML). Shows how to detect wireless devices from a servlet, how to write

XSLT stylesheets for these devices, and how to test using a variety of cell phone

simulators. An online movie theater application is developed to reinforce the concepts.

Appendix A

Contains all of the remaining code from the discussion forum example presented in

Chapter 7 .

Appendix B

Lists and briefly describes each of the classes in Version 1.1 of the JAXP API.

Appendix C

Contains a quick reference for the XSLT language. Lists all XSLT elements along with

required and optional attributes and allowable content within each element. Also cross

references each element with the W3C XSLT specification.

Conventions Used in This Book

Italic is used for:

• Pathnames, filenames, and program names

• New terms where they are defined

• Internet addresses, such as domain names and URLs

Constant width is used for:

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