1.2._GEM_2008.pdf

GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP MONITOR

2008 Executive Report

Niels Bosma • Zoltan J. Acs • Erkko Autio • Alicia Coduras • Jonathan Levie

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor

2008 Executive Report

Niels Bosma, Zoltan J. Acs, Erkko Autio,

Alicia Coduras, Jonathan Levie

Founding and Sponsoring Institutions

Babson College , Babson Park, MA, US

Lead Sponsoring Institution and Founding Institution

Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago, Chile

Sponsoring Institution

London Business School , London, UK

Founding Institution

Although GEM data were used in the preparation of this report, their interpretation and use are the sole responsibility of the authors.

The authors also wish to thank Marcia Cole and Sands Creative Group for their exceptional work on this report.

In addition, the authors would like to express their thanks to Chris Aylett (GEM Administrator), Marcia Cole (GEM Project Manager),

Mick Hancock (GEM Project & National Teams Manager), Mark Quill (GEM Data Manager) and all GEM National Teams

for their continued contributions and dedication to GEM.

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 InTRodUCTIon

1.1 About GEM

1.2 The Revised GEM Model

1.3 Capturing Entrepreneurship in GEM

1.4 GEM Website and Data Availability

2.0 EnTREpREnEURIAl ATTITUdES, ACTIVITY And ASpIRATIonS

2.1 Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Perceptions

2.2 Entrepreneurial Activity

2.3 Entrepreneurial Aspirations

3.0 EnTREpREnEURShIp, InSTITUTIonS And EConoMIC dEVElopMEnT

3.1 Linking Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Development

3.2 Recognizing the Complex Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic

Development Using GEM Data

4.0 SpECIAl TopIC 2008: EnTREpREnEURShIp EdUCATIon And TRAInIng

4.1 Participation in Entrepreneurship Education and Training

4.2 Expert Opinions on Quality of Entrepreneurship Training

4.3 Entrepreneurship Training and Entrepreneurial Attitudes, Aspirations, and Activity

at the Individual Level

REFEREnCES

gEM nATIonAl TEAMS 2008

ABoUT ThE AUThoRS

gEM SponSoRS

ConTACTS

EndnoTES

Table of Contents

list of Tables

Table 1

Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Perceptions in the 43 GEM 2008 Countries, by Phase of Economic Development

Table 2

Prevalence Rates (in %) of Entrepreneurial Activity and Business Owner-Managers across GEM Countries in 2008,

for those Aged 18-64, by Phase of Economic Development

Table 3

The Correlation Coeficients between GE INDEX and Other Major Indices

Table 4

Percentage of the Population Aged 18-64 that Received Voluntary or Compulsory Training in Starting a Business

During or After School, by Type of Country

Table 5

Percentage of the Population Aged 18-64 that Received Any Training in Starting a Business After School,

by Type of Training Provider

Table 6

Perceived Need for and Availability and Quality of Entrepreneurship Education and Training,

by Country and Country Group (Average Ratings by Experts from 1 to 5)

Table 7

Percentage of the Population Aged 18-64 Who Are Not Running or Trying to Start a Business and Their Perceptions

of Entrepreneurship, by Type of Business Start-Up Training Received and by Type of Country

Table 8

Percentage of the Population Aged 18-64 Expecting to Start a Business in the Next Three Years or Engaged

in Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity by Type of Training Received and by Type of Country

list of Figures

Figure 1 The Revised GEM Model

Figure 2 The Entrepreneurial Process and GEM Operational Deinitions

Figure 3 Perceived Opportunities for Starting a Business, 2001-2008

Figure 4 Fear of Failure among Those who Perceive Good Start-Up Opportunities, 2001-2008

Figure 5 Perceived Skills and Knowledge to Start a New Business, 2001-2008

Figure 6 Intentions to Start a New Business in the Next Three Years, 2002-2008

Figure 7 Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) for 43 Nations in 2008, by Phase of Economic Development,

Showing 95% Conidence Intervals

Figure 8 Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity Rates and Per Capita GDP, 2008

Figure 9 Necessity- and Improvement-Driven Opportunity Motivations as a Percentage of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity,

GEM 2008 Countries

Figure 10 Expressed Reasons behind Discontinuing Businesses, by Age, GEM 2008

Figure 11 Sector Distribution Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity

Figure 12 Sector Distribution Established Business

Figure 13 Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity Rates for Separate Age Groups, 2008

Figure 14 Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity Rates by Gender, 2008

Figure 15 Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) Rates for 2001-2008, Averages over Eficiency-Driven Countries

and Innovation-Driven Countries

Figure 16 Necessity-Driven TEA Rates for 2001-2008, Averages over Eficiency-Driven Countries

and Innovation-Driven Countries

Figure 17 Prevalence Rates of High-Growth Expectation Early-Stage Entrepreneurship (HEA) in the Adult Population

Figure 18 Anatomy of High-Growth Expectation Early-Stage Entrepreneurship (HEA): Percentages in TEA

Figure 19 Percentage of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity with New Product-Market Combination,

2002-2008

Figure 20 Percentage of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity in Technology Sector, 2002-2008

Figure 21 Innovation Conidence Index for 2007 and 2008 by Country and Country Group

Figure 22 The Global Entrepreneurship Index in Terms of GDP PPP

Figure 23 Relationships between the Global Entrepreneurship Index and Economic Freedom Index,

Doing Business Index and Global Competitiveness Index

Figure 24 Percentage of Adults Aged 18-64 Who Have Used Online Training in Starting a Business

Executive Summary

Since its inception in 1997 by scholars at Babson College and London Business School, GEM has developed into

one of the world’s leading research consortia concerned with improving our understanding of the relationships

between entrepreneurship and national development. This is the 10 th annual GEM Global Report. Over the past

decade, harmonized data on entrepreneurial attitudes, activity and aspirations have been collected to provide

annual assessments of the entrepreneurial sector for a wide range of countries.

PaRticiPatinG countRiEs in 2008

In this report a distinction is made between factor-driven countries, eficiency-driven countries and innovation-

driven countries. This classiication follows the 2008 Global Competitiveness Report and is relevant to

entrepreneurship in relation to economic development. As previous GEM research has shown, the relationship

between entrepreneurship and economic development differs along phases of economic development. In 2008,

the following 43 countries participated in the GEM project.

Factor-Driven Economies

Angola, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina*, Colombia*, Ecuador*, Egypt, India, Iran*

Eficiency-Driven Economies

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Croatia**, Dominican Republic, Hungary**, Jamaica, Latvia, Macedonia, Mexico, Peru,

Romania, Russia, Serbia, South Africa, Turkey, Uruguay

Innovation-Driven economies

Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea,

Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom, United States

* Transition country: from factor-driven to eficiency-driven

** Transition country: from eficiency-driven to innovation-driven

GEM Data collEction

GEM Adult Population Survey: Measuring Attitudes, Activity and Aspirations

GEM takes a broad view of entrepreneurship and focuses on the role played by individuals in the

entrepreneurial process. The GEM Adult Population Surveys ask a representative sample of at least 2,000

adults in each country about their attitudes to and their involvement in, entrepreneurship. For many

individuals the entrepreneurial process often starts with personal assessments dealing with attitudes and

perceptions to entrepreneurship. GEM therefore collects data on attitudes and perceptions such as perceived

opportunities to start businesses, perceived skills and knowledge to start businesses, and national support for

starting a business as a good career choice. Also, GEM asks adults about intentions to start a business in the

near future.

Unlike most entrepreneurship data sets that measure newer and smaller irms, GEM studies individuals’

activities with respect to starting and managing a business. Furthermore, GEM views entrepreneurship as a

process and considers people in entrepreneurial activity in different phases from the very early phase when the

business is in gestation to the established phase and possibly discontinuation of the business.

Within this context, GEM provides a means by which a wide variety of important entrepreneurial aspirations

such as innovativeness, competitiveness and high-growth aspirations can be systematically and rigorously

studied.

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