Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2010.pdf

Entrepreneurship at a Glance

2010

Entrepreneurship

at a Glance

2010

This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The

opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official

views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.

Please cite this publication as:

OECD (2011), Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2010 , OECD Publishing.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264097711-en

ISBN 978-92-64-09576-2 (print)

ISBN 978-92-64-09771-1 (PDF)

ISBN 978-92-64-00000-0 (HTML)

Series/Periodical:

ISSN 0000-0000 (print)

ISSN 0000-0000 (online)

The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use

of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli

settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

Photo credits:

Cover: © Jacques Ferrier architectures/image Ferrier Production. “Concept Office, immeuble de bureaux prototype à

haute qualité environnementale conçu par Jacques Ferrier Architectures en partenariat avec EDF”.

Chapters : © Philippe Mairesse / Devizu.

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FOREWORD

Foreword

E ntrepreneurship at a Glance is a new publication that presents key indicators on entrepreneurship.

Until recently, most entrepreneurship research relied on ad hoc data compilations developed to support

specific projects and virtually no official statistics on the subject existed. The collection of harmonised

indicators presented in this publication is the result of the OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators

Programme (EIP). The programme, started in 2006, is the first attempt to compile and publish

international data on entrepreneurship from official government statistical sources. Indeed, to meet the

challenge of providing new entrepreneurship indicators, while minimising costs for national statistical

offices and burden on business, the programme focuses attention on exploiting existing sources of data

instead of developing new business surveys.

Entrepreneurship is defined by the EIP as the phenomenon associated with entrepreneurial activity,

which is the enterprising human action in pursuit of the generation of value, through the creation or

expansion of economic activity, by identifying and exploiting new products, processes or markets. In this

sense, entrepreneurship is a phenomenon that manifests itself throughout the economy and in many

different forms with many different outcomes, and these outcomes are not always related to the creation

of financial wealth; for example, they may be related to increasing employment, tackling inequalities, or

indeed, increasingly, environmental issues. The challenge of the EIP is to improve the understanding of

these multiple manifestations. The programme recognises that no single indicator can ever adequately

cover entrepreneurship, and it has therefore developed a set of measures that each captures a different

aspect or different type of entrepreneurship; these measures are referred to as EIP indicators of

entrepreneurial performance. There are currently some 20 performance indicators and 25 countries

covered in the EIP; extending the coverage to more indicators and countries is one of the main objectives

of the programme.

The EIP takes a comprehensive approach to the measurement of entrepreneurship by looking not

only at the manifestation of the entrepreneurial phenomenon but also at the factors that influence it.

These factors range from the market conditions to the regulatory framework, to the culture or the

conditions of access to finance. While some areas of determinants lend themselves more easily to

measurement (for instance, the existence and restrictiveness of anti-trust law or the administrative costs

to set-up a new business in a country), for other determinants the difficulty resides in finding suitable

measures ( e.g. venture capital and angel capital) and/or in comprehending the exact nature of their

relationship with entrepreneurship ( e.g. culture). The EIP aims to contribute to advance research on the

less understood, less measurable determinants of entrepreneurship.

The publication is divided into two parts. The first presents conceptual and methodological issues

related to the measurement of entrepreneurship and its determinants. In this first edition of

Entrepreneurship at a Glance two topics are addressed: the quality and international comparability of

entrepreneurship indicators computed from statistical business registers, and the operationalisation of

the concept of green entrepreneurship for the purpose of measurement. Future editions of the publication

will report on progress in measuring specific types of entrepreneurship, such as high-growth enterprises

and social entrepreneurship, or specific determinants, for example entrepreneurial culture and

capabilities. The choice of themes reflects the ambitions of the EIP to establish sound and comparable

measures of entrepreneurship and its determinants.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AT A GLANCE 2010 © OECD 2011

FOREWORD

The second part of the publication is broken down into eight sections, covering mainly indicators of

entrepreneurial performance but also presenting a selection of indicators of determinants. The initial

sections focus on structural data of the enterprise population (1) and on indicators of business

demography (2 to 4). Timely indicators of entrepreneurship, which provide updated, although not fully

comparable information on enterprise dynamics, are presented in a separate section (5). Section 6 looks

at the gender dimension of entrepreneurship, while Section 7 provides examples of indicators for migrants

entrepreneurs. The final Section (8) contains a selection of indicators of entrepreneurial determinants;

these are drawn from a number of international sources.

The OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme has benefited from generous

sponsorship by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation of the United States and the International

Consortium for Entrepreneurship (ICE), and from the guidance and support of the EIP Steering

Group, whose members include:

Australia

Richard Seymour

University of Sydney

Brazil

Cristiano Santos

Amisha Miller

IBGE

Endeavor

Canada

Denis Martel

Sonja Djukic

Industry Canada

Denmark

Anders Hoffman (Chair)

Dorte Hoeg Koch

Peter Bøegh Nielsen

Danish Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs

Statistics Denmark

Finland

Marko Tuomiaro

Statistics Finland

Hungary

Zoltan Roman

Academy of Sciences

Italy

Caterina Viviano

ISTAT

Japan

Mikio Suga

Hideo Umezawa

Tokyo International University

Statistics Japan

Portugal

Paula Bordelo

Statistics Portugal

Sweden

Håkan Alm

Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications

United Kingdom

Karen Grierson

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills

United States

Rick Clayton (Co-Chair)

David Talan

Ron Jarmin

Javier Miranda

Bureau of Labor Statistics

US Census Bureau

Kauffman Foundation

E.J. Reedy

European Commission

Ludger Odenthal

DG Enterprise and Industry

Eurostat

Merja Hult

Manfred Schmiemann

Aleksandra Stawinska

Structural Business Statistics

OECD

Benoît Arnaud

Tim Davis

Dominique Guellec

Mariarosa Lunati

Statistics Directorate

Mariarosa Lunati co-ordinated the production of this publication. Benoît Arnaud, Michela

Gamba, Eric Gonnard, Emmanuelle Guidetti, Alexandros Ragoussis and Gueram Sargsyan had

overall responsibility for technical work on the manuscript. The publication benefited from comments

by Nadim Ahmad, Dominique Guellec and Paul Schreyer.

Martine Durand

Chief Statistician and Director of the OECD Statistics Directorate

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