Science in the Contemporary World An Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO 2005).pdf

Science in the

Contemporary World

An Encyclopedia

Eric G. Swedin

Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England

transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or

otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in

writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Swedin, Eric Gottfrid.

Science in the contemporary world : an encyclopedia / Eric G. Swedin.

p. cm. (ABC-CLIO’s history of science series)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-85109-524-1 (hardback : acid-free paper)–ISBN 1-85109-529-2

(eBook)

1. Science—Encyclopedias. I. Title. II. Series:

ABC-CLIO’s history of science series.

Q121.S94 2005

503—dc22

2004026950

07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is available on the World Wide Web as an e-book. Visit abc-clio.com for details.

ABC-CLIO, Inc.

130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911

Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911

This book is printed on acid-free paper .

Manufactured in the United States of America

Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments, xi

Introduction, xiii

Topic Finder, xxiii

Science in the Contemporary World: An Encyclopedia

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 1

Agriculture, 3

Alvarez, Luis W. (1911–1988), and Walter

Alvarez (1940–), 6

Anthropology, 7

Apollo Project, 9

Archaeology, 11

Artificial Intelligence, 13

Asimov, Isaac (1920–1992), 14

Associations, 16

Astronomy, 17

Biology and the Life Sciences, 33

Biotechnology, 36

Birth Control Pill, 37

Black Holes, 40

Boyer, Herbert (1936–), 41

Broecker, Wallace S. (1931–), 42

Carson, Rachel (1907–1964), 45

Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, 46

Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan

(1910–1995), 47

Chaos Theory, 48

Chemistry, 49

Chomsky, Noam (1928–), 51

Clarke, Arthur C. (1917–), 52

Cloning, 53

Cognitive Science, 55

Cohen, Stanley N. (1935–), 56

Cold Fusion, 57

Cold War, 58

Computers, 60

Bardeen, John (1908–1991), 21

Barghoorn, Elso (1915–1984), 22

Barton, Derek (1918–1998), 23

Bell Burnell, Jocelyn (1943–), 23

Berners-Lee, Timothy (1955–), 25

Big Bang Theory and Steady State Theory,

Big Science, 28

Bioethics, 31

vii

viii

Contents

Cousteau, Jacques (1910–1997), 63

Creationism, 64

Crick, Francis (1916–2004), 66

Crutzen, Paul (1933–), 67

Glashow, Sheldon L. (1932–), 119

Global Warming, 119

Goodall, Jane (1934–), 121

Gould, Stephen Jay (1941–2002), 123

Grand Unified Theory, 123

Green Revolution, 125

Dawkins, Richard (1941–), 69

Deep-Core Drilling, 70

Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents, 70

Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1900–1975), 72

Dyson, Freeman (1923–), 73

Harlow, Harry F. (1905–1981), 127

Hawking, Stephen (1942–), 128

Hess, Harry (1906–1969), 129

History of Science, 130

Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot

(1910–1994), 132

Hoyle, Fred (1915–2001), 134

Human Genome Project, 135

Hydrogen Bomb, 137

Earthquakes, 75

Ecology, 76

Economics, 79

Edelman, Gerald M. (1929–), 81

Edwards, Robert (1925–), 83

Ehrlich, Paul R. (1932–), 84

El Niño, 85

Elion, Gertrude B. (1918–1999), 86

Enders, John (1897–1985), 87

Engelbart, Douglas (1925–), 88

Environmental Movement, 89

Ethics, 93

European Space Agency, 94

Evolution, 95

Extrasolar Planets, 98

In Vitro Fertilization, 141

Integrated Circuits, 142

International GeophysicalYear

(1957–1958), 144

Internet, 146

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 149

Kinsey, Alfred C. (1894–1956), 151

Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth (1926–2004), 152

Kuhn, Thomas S. (1922–1996), 154

Kuno, Hisashi (1910–1969), 155

Feminism, 101

Feynman, Richard (1918–1988), 102

Fossey, Dian (1932–1985), 103

Foundations, 105

Franklin, Rosiland (1920–1958), 106

Fuller, Buckminster (1895–1983), 107

Lasers, 157

Leakey Family, 159

Levi-Montalcini, Rita (1909–), 161

Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1908–), 162

Libby, Willard F. (1908–1980), 164

Lorenz, Edward N. (1917–), 164

Lorenz, Konrad (1903–1989), 165

Lovelock, James (1919–), 166

Lysenko, Trofim (1898–1976), 167

Gamow, George (1904–1968), 111

Gell-Mann, Murray (1929–), 112

Genetics, 113

Geology, 115

Gilbert, Walter (1932–), 117

Contents

Mandelbrot, Benoit (1924–), 169

Margulis, Lynn (1938–), 176

Masters, William H. (1915–2001), and

Virginia Johnson (1925–), 172

Mathematics, 173

Mayer, Maria Goeppert (1906–1972),

175

Mayr, Ernst (1904–), 176

McClintock, Barbara (1902–1992),

177

Medawar, Peter (1915–1987), 178

Media and Popular Culture, 179

Medicine, 180

Meteorology, 182

Microbiology, 185

Miller, Stanley L.(1930–), 187

Minsky, Marvin (1927–), 188

Molina, Mario (1943–), 188

Monod, Jacques (1910–1976), 189

Müller, K. Alex (1927–), 191

Organ Transplants, 216

Ozone Layer and Chlorofluorocarbons,

218

Particle Accelerators, 221

Particle Physics, 223

Pauling, Linus (1901–1994), 225

Penrose, Roger (1931–), 226

Pharmacology, 227

Philosophy of Science, 230

Physics, 231

Plate Tectonics, 233

Popper, Karl (1902–1994), 234

Population Studies, 235

Prions, 237

Psychology, 238

Pulsars, 242

Quasars, 245

Nambu,Yoichiro (1921–), 193

Nanotechnology, 194

Nash, John F. (1928–), 195

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA), 196

National Geographic Society, 198

National Institutes of Health, 199

National Science Foundation, 200

Neumann, John von (1903–1957), 201

Neuroscience, 203

Neutrinos, 205

Nobel Prizes, 206

Nuclear Physics, 208

Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane (1942–),

211

Religion, 247

Rogers, Carl R. (1902–1987), 249

Rowland, F. Sherwood (1927–), 250

Sabin, Albert (1906–1993), 253

Sagan, Carl (1934–1996), 254

Sakharov, Andrei (1921–1989), 256

Salk, Jonas (1914–1995), 257

Sanger, Frederick (1918–), 259

Satellites, 260

Schwinger, Julian (1918–1994), 263

Science Fiction, 263

Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,

265

Selye, Hans (1907–1982), 268

Shoemaker, Eugene (1928–1997), 269

Shoemaker-Levy Comet Impact, 270

Skinner, B. F. (1904–1990), 271

Smallpox Vaccination Campaign,

273

Oceanography, 213

Oppenheimer, J. Robert (1904–1967),

215

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