Nature Nanotechnology.pdf

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March 2009 VOL4ISSUE 3

editorial

135 The different dimensions of nanotechnology

thesis

136 Hearts and minds and nanotechnology

ChrisToumey

research highlights

138 our choice from the recent literature

139 Top down bottom up: Change of direction

Cover image

The potential of nanotechnology

was famously demonstrated in

1990 when researchers used a

scanning tunnelling microscope

(STm) to spell out iBm with 35

xenon atoms on a nickel surface.

it was thought that the need to

have enough distance between the

atoms or molecules to stop them

reacting with each other would limit

the amount of information that

could be written on a surface. Hari

manoharan and co-workers now

show that it is possible to exceed

this limit with quantum holography.

The information is encoded into the

wavefunctions of a two-dimensional

electron gas using holograms

constructed from single molecules,

and is read with a STm. This STm

spectral image (1.3 nm across)

reveals the letter ‘S’ comprised of

0.3 nm bits.

Article p167; News & Views p141

news & views

141 Scanning tunnelling microscopy: Quantum holography for real

EricJ.Heller

142 Scanning tunnelling microscopy: Probing superconductivity at

the nanoscale

AdarshSandhu

143 Printed electronics: Nanotube inks make their mark

TakaoSomeya

144 Nanomedicine: aFm tackles osteoarthritis

ThomasAigner,NicoleSchmitzandJochenHaag

145 molecular magnets: Chemistry brings qubits together

WolfgangWernsdorfer

147 Correlated electron systems: gap opens in metallic nanotubes

ChristianSchönenberger

148 erratum

letters

149 observation of the smallest metal nanotube with a square cross-section

M.J.Lagos,F.Sato,J.Bettini,V.Rodrigues,D.S.GalvãoandD.Ugarte

153 infrared nanoscopy of strained semiconductors

A.J.Huber,A.Ziegler,T.KöckandR.Hillenbrand

158 Large voltage-induced magnetic anisotropy change in a few atomic

layers of iron

T.Maruyama,Y.Shiota,T.Nozaki,K.Ohta,N.Toda,M.Mizuguchi,

A.A.Tulapurkar,T.Shinjo,M.Shiraishi,S.Mizukami,Y.AndoandY.Suzuki

162 a smart dust biosensor powered by kinesin motors

ThorstenFischer,AshutoshAgarwalandHenryHess

oN THe Cover

molecular magnets

Inaspin

Article p173; News & Views p146

metal nanotubes

Silverlining

Letter p149

Biosensors

Viruschecker

Article p179

NaTure NaNoTeCHNoLogy | VOL 4 | MARCH 2009 | www.nature.com/naturenanotechnology

atomic force microscopy can

be used to detect the early

onset of osteoarthritis in

cartilage samples obtained

from mice and patients, well

before conventional diagnosis

methods. This work could lead to

a minimally invasive tool for the

early detection of osteoarthritis

and the development of more

effective therapies for treating

this disease.

Article p186;

News & Views p144

articles

167 Quantum holographic encoding in a two-dimensional electron gas

ChristopherR.Moon,LailaS.Mattos,BrianK.Foster,GabrielZeltzerand

HariC.Manoharan

→N&Vp141

173 engineering the coupling between molecular spin qubits by

coordination chemistry

GrigoreA.Timco,StefanoCarretta,FilippoTroiani,FlorianaTuna,

RobinJ.Pritchard,ChristopherA.Muryn,EricJ.L.McInnes,AlbertoGhirri,

AndreaCandini,PaoloSantini,GiuseppeAmoretti,MarcoAffronteand

RichardE.P.Winpenny

→N&Vp145

179 Quantitative time-resolved measurement of membrane protein–ligand

interactions using microcantilever array sensors

ThomasBraun,MuraliKrishnaGhatkesar,NatalijaBackmann,WilfriedGrange,

PascaleBoulanger,LucienneLetellier,Hans-PeterLang,AlexBiesch,

ChristophGerberandMartinHegner

186 early detection of aging cartilage and osteoarthritis in mice and patient

samples using atomic force microscopy

MartinStolz,RiccardoGottardi,RobertoRaiteri,SylvieMiot,IvanMartin,

RaphaëlImer,UrsStaufer,AureliaRaducanu,MarcelDüggelin,WernerBaschong,

A.U.Daniels,NiklausF.Friederich,AttilaAszodiandUeliAebi

→N&Vp144

193 real-time magnetic resonance imaging and quantiication of lipoprotein

metabolism in vivo using nanocrystals

OliverT.Bruns,HaraldIttrich,KerstenPeldschus,MichaelG.Kaul,

UlrichI.Tromsdorf,JoachimLauterwasser,MarijaS.Nikolic,BirgitMollwitz,

MartinMerkel,NadjaC.Bigall,SameerSapra,RudolphReimer,HeinzHohenberg,

HorstWeller,AlexanderEychmüller,GerhardAdam,UlrikeBeisiegel

andJoergHeeren

classifieds

Seethebackpages

Nanocrystals — such as quantum

dots and magnetic nanoparticles

— embedded in lipoproteins can

be used to image and quantify

the kinetics of lipid metabolism

in vivo in a non-invasive manner

using luorescence and dynamic

magnetic resonance imaging.

Article p193

Nature Nanotechnology (ISSN 1748-3387) is published monthly by Nature Publishing Group (Porters South, 4 Crinan Street, London N1 9XW, UK). Editorial Ofice: Porters South, 4 Crinan Street, London N1 9XW, UK. Telephone:

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NaTure NaNoTeCHNoLogy | VOL 4 | MARCH 2009 | www.nature.com/naturenanotechnology

editorial

The different dimensions of nanotechnology

Materials can have one, two or three dimensions in the nanoscale regime, which adds to the variety of

phenomena that can be explored in nanoscience and technology.

Many deinitions of nanotechnology

refer to dimensions: according to the

National Nanotechnology Initiative

(NNI) in the United States, for instance,

“nanotechnology is the understanding and

control of matter at dimensions between

approximately 1 and 100 nanometres,

where unique phenomena enable novel

applications.” (ref. 1). Sometimes just

one or two dimensions are in the nano-

regime, as in quantum wells and nanowires

respectively, and sometimes all three

dimensions are nanoscale, as in quantum

dots and nanocrystals. Sometimes the

challenge facing researchers is to make

every dimension as small as possible,

as in nanoelectronic devices, but other

times the aim is to make at least one

dimension as large as possible, as in ibres

based on carbon nanotubes. Oten the

challenges lie in other directions, such as

reducing cost, scaling-up production or

working in environments other than the

low-temperature and ultrahigh-vacuum

conditions favoured by many physicists.

Carbon nanotubes are the ultimate

one-dimensional material — which

means, perhaps confusingly, that they have

two nanoscale dimensions. Almost two

decades ater their discovery, nanotubes

remain the subject of countless research

papers. Some of these papers are about

condensed-matter physics of the most

fundamental kind, such as quantum

phase transitions (see p147 and ref. 2),

and ofer the opportunity to explore ideas

irst proposed by theorists decades ago,

whereas other papers address problems

related to the use of nanotubes in various

forms of electronics, such as nanotube-

based semiconducting inks for printed

electronics (see p143 and ref. 3), and

involve a multidisciplinary mix of physics,

chemistry, materials science and more.

Although nanotube-based electronic

devices have yet to reach the market,

there are high hopes for other, less exotic,

applications 4 — especially as production

costs come down. According to Frost and

Sullivan 5 , the production costs of multi-

walled carbon nanotubes are expected

to fall from $100 per kilogram at present

to about $10–20 per kilogram in a few

years; the company cite lame-retardant

materials — sales of which amount to

almost $3 billion per year — as an example

of the sort of market that will open up for

nanotubes as production costs fall.

to position individual atoms or molecules

on a surface would represent the ultimate

in information storage, but the Stanford

team betters this limit by moving into a

third dimension — energy. Manoharan and

co-workers show that carbon monoxide

molecules can be placed on a copper

surface by a STM, such that information

is stored in the two-dimensional electron

gas conined by the molecules, rather than

by the molecules themselves. By changing

the voltage applied to the microscope, it

is possible to read the information that

is stored in the electron gas at diferent

energies. Nobody is going to be mass-

producing devices based on this approach,

as Eric Heller points out on page 141, but it

is still a remarkable piece of physics.

Of course three dimensions of space

are not enough for some physicists and

cosmologists, who prefer to believe

that the universe has nine or ten spatial

dimensions, and that particles are

strings rather than point-like objects.

Traditionally, the extra dimensions found

in string theories have been many orders

of magnitude smaller than the nanoscale,

although some theorists have argued that

some of these extra dimensions might

be ‘large’ (of the order of a millimetre in

some theories) 8 . Whatever the size of these

possible extra dimensions, the cutting edge

nanoscale circuitry and devices found in

detectors at a variety of telescopes and

particle accelerators are ready to ind

them — if they exist.

Of course three dimensions of

space are not enough for some

physicists and cosmologists.

Moving into two dimensions, graphene

is the hottest nanomaterial today, and like

its rolled-up relative, the single-walled

carbon nanotube, these single sheets of

carbon atoms are also the subject of many

research papers (and editorials in this

journal 6,7 ). As with nanotubes, some of

these papers are about fundamental issues

in physics that date back to famous names

such as Klein and Landau. And again like

nanotubes, graphene displays remarkable

electronic and structural properties, which

means that a large number of groups

are tackling the challenges of exploiting

these properties in next-generation

nanoscale devices. Moreover, many of

the experimental techniques developed

to study nanotubes can also be used on

graphene, which helps explain why so

much progress has been made in the past

ive years.

Staying in two dimensions, on

page 167 Hari Manoharan and co-

workers at Stanford describe a technique

called quantum holography that allows

information to be stored in a two-

dimensional electron gas on a metal

surface. It might be thought that using a

scanning tunnelling microscope (STM)

❐

References

1. <http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/whatIsNano.html>

2. Deshpande, V. V. et al. Science 323, 106–110 (2009).

3. Kanungo, M., Lu, H., Malliaras, G. G. & Blanchet, G. B.

Science 323, 234–237 (2009).

4. Nature Nanotech . 4, 1 (2009).

5. <http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/press-release.

pag?docid=159277406> (18 February 2009).

6. Nature Nanotech . 2, 191 (2007).

7. Nature Nanotech . 3, 517 (2008).

8. Adelberger, E., Heckel, B. & Hoyle, C. D. Phys. World

18, 41–46 (April 2005).

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