Driscoll - Britain - The Country and its People.pdf

(34100 KB) Pobierz
1404180 UNPDF
REVISED AND UPDATED
Oxford Un iversity Press
Great Clarendo n Street, Oxford ox2 6DP
Illustrati ons b y:
Bret Breckon pages 10, I ~
Matthe w Lawrence page I 10
Alan Nanson all chapte r openers
Oxford Univcrsuv Press cartographic d epart ment pages 9, ~ I . H ,
86 .87 , II~. 209
Oxford Univcrsn y Press techni cal graphi cs dep artme nt pages ~ 2.
B.46.89.91. 104. 108 . 109. 121. 1~2. l B. I J? , 14~, IH,
14 6 , 1l;2, 1l;3. 1l;8. 160 . 171. 180. 181 . 19S" , 199, 20 2
Murray Zanoni pages 174, 176
Oxford New York
Aucklan d Bangkok Bueno s Aires Cape Town Chen nai Dar es Salaam
Delhi Ho ng Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lump ur Madrid
Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei
Tok yo To ront o
OXFORD and OXFORD E.."-:GUSH
art: trad e mark s of Ox ford Univer sn y Press.
ISS"" 0 19 432429 x
..... Oxford Un tverstty Press 1995"
St udi o p h o tograp hy b}·:
Haddon Davies pages 1 18, 134, [S"S", 21 1
First p ublis hed 199 5"
Tent h impression 200~
The publish er would lik e to thank th e foll o w in g fo r the ir
pe rmissio n to re produce photo graphs and o th er co p yr igh t
material:
Action Images page 19 9; AKG Londo n page 21 (Henry VIII ) ;
Allsport Photo Library page 19 6 (R Cheyne ) : Aquari us Photo
Library page 16o; The Automobile Association (for use o f their
log o) page 162; BBC photo Library pages S"0 . 10~, (old
swingomcm) . 107 (Dixon of Dock Green) : Barclays Bank (for use of
their logo) page 14 7; The Bridgeman Art Library/J ohn Noo t
Galleries, Broadway page 2~; Br-yant Home s page 1H : Collections
Photo Library pages I l; (R Hallman), J? (Land's End : P waus) .
1~8 (A Gordon), 209 (rock shop: A Lc Gar srncur}: Color spcn page
194: The Conservative Party (fo r use o f their logo) page 73;
Lu re Cun ha page 172: Dom inic Pictures page 21~ (C Ashmo re) ;
The Environ men tal Picture Library page 197 (A Testa) :
Eye Ubiqu itous page ~7 (farmland: T Page); Garden News page 192
(T Sandall); Sally and Richard Greenhill Photo Library pages 182,
2 14; Sue Hallet page 202; House o f Commons Press Office page
97 (Black Rod) ; Hulto n Deutch Library page 27: Images/ Land scape
O nly photo Library pages 16,40: The lndc pcndant page 129
(R Perry) ; The Ko bal Collection page 17: The Labour Part y (for
usc o f their logo ) page 73; The Liberal Democrats (for lise of their
logo) page 73: Life File pages 61 (Pcleder Locey: A Ward), 80
(I Richards) , 156 (J Hoar e) : Lloyds Bank (for usc of thei r logo)
page [47; lord Snooty. © DC Thompson and Co Ltd 1989 page
S"9: Magnum Pho to Library pages lIS" (C Steele-Perkins), 119 (Pree
Dmy: L Freed), [ ~I (P Marlow }. 187 (M Parr) : Mary Evans Picture
Library pages [0, 11,21 (Elizabeth I ) ; Midland Bank (for use o f
thei r logo) page 147; NatWes t Bank (for use of their logo ) page
147; Neal's Yard Remedies page 173 ; Network Phot o Library pages
61 (allotments: H Sykes}. I II (M Abraham s), 119 (Frmlom Fightm
mura l; G Mende l), 12~ (both pies by H Sykes). 147 (B Lewis) , 149
(Barry Lewis), 16 3 (B Lewis), 164 (traffic rones: H Sykes) . (koch:
P Jo rdan) ; The Perfonning Arts Library page 20 4 (C Barda}:
Photo fusio n pages 144 (J Martin) , 189 ; Popperforo pages 4 7
(0 Joyner ), 66 , 79, 124; The Press Associatio n pages ss. 74, 83 , 9l;:
Punch Publications Ltd page 190: RAC (for the use o f their logo )
page 162: RSPCA Photo Library page 64 (T Sambroo k): The
Retrograph Archive page 21 0 : Rex Features pages S-6. 69, 78 (D
Hartley}. 90 . 97 (state open ing of Perhement }. 101 (J Bradley),
10~ (00\ swinllOmrttr: P Brooker) , 188 , 206 (N Jo rgense n ); The
Samaritan s page 170 : Scope Featur es page 107 (Tht Bill ) ; Skyscan
Balloon Photography page 178; Frank Spooner Pictur es pages 31
(Gamm a. T Bitchburn) . 6l; (K Bernstei n /ESP) , 9 1 (Gam ma:
K Bernstein) , 114 (Gam ma); The Still Mov ing Picture Compa n y
page 43: The Sun Newspaper/New s Internatio nal page 1 18 : Joh n
Walmsley Photo Library pages ~8, 44 , 164 (traffic warden) : Warwick
University page 139.
No u nau th orized phot oc opyin g
All right s reser ved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a ret rieval system . o r transmitted. in any form or by any
means. wit ho ut the prior permission in \\Titing of Oxford Universuy
Press. o r as e xpress ly permitted by law. or under terms agreed with the
app ro priate rep rog raphi cs rights organization. Enqu irie s co ncerning
rep roductio n out side the scope of the above sho uld be sent 10 the ELT
Right s Department. Oxford Umvers ny Press, at the address above
You must not circulate this book in any o ther binding o r cove r and you
mu st impose this same con dit ion on any acquirer
Any web sttes re fer red to in this pu blicat ion are in the pu blic domain
and their addresses are provided by Oxfo rd Un iversity Press for
informat ion only. Oxford University Press disclaims any responsibility
for the co nte nt.
Printed in China
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
T he publish er an d aut h o r would like to thank th e following
fo r their per mi ssion to use extra cts from co p yr igh t mat eri a l:
BBC Enterprise s Ltd fo r extracts from Yes. Prim e Min ister by Jonathan
Lynn and Anton}' Jay.
Cam b ridge Un iversity Press for extracts from 'The Invisible Scot'
in Engli sh Toda y 18 April 1989.
Penguin Books Ltd. for extracts from HoII' to be lmmitcble by George
Mikes (Penguin Books 1966, first publi shed by Andre Deutsch)
co p yrigh t 0 George Mikes, 19 600
Radi o Times/BB C Magazines for extract from ' Peter Snow 's Armchair
Guid e,' Radio Times. April 1992.
Reed Consume r Books for extracts from The Quttn and I by Sue
Townsend (Meth uen. London) , 0 1992 by Sue Townse nd .
Time s News papers Ltd for extracts from 'Mad about plaid ' by
A A Gill, Tht Sunday Times, London , 2~ January 1994 , Time s
Newspape rs Ltd 1994: ' Who gives a caber toss?' b y Harr y
Ritchie, The Sunday Times. London, 2~ Janua ry 19 94 . Times
Newsp apers Ltd 1994: ' Defiant English hold out against
Welsh arsoni sts' by Stu art Wavell, Tht Sunday Tim es, Londo n,
1S" No vember 19 9 2. tJ Times Ne...,·spape rs Ltd 199 2: and
' Britain bans EC Medals ' from News Digest , The Sunday Times,
18 April 199~. Times Newspapers Ltd 199~o
A P Wall Ltd on behalf of The National Trust for extracts from 'The
Wh ite Man's Burden ' and 'Recessional' by Rudyard Kipling .
Cover pho to graph:
Co llections Phot o Library/Gary Smith
We would also like to thank Gertrude Erbach at the referenc e
lib rary. News International for her help in o btainin g illustrative
material and Derek Heater , founder Chairman of the Politi cs
Associat io n. for his advice on the chapt er s co ncerni n g history and
politi cs.
o
o
James O'Driscoll
Oxford University Press
+
Contents
Introduction
6
Country and people
Geogra phic ally speaking . Politically speaking .
The four nauo ns . The do minance of England .
Natio nal loya lties
8
6 Political life
6]
The public aui tude to politi cs . Th e style of
de moc racy . Th e con stit uu on . The style of poli ties.
The part y srs tem . The m odern situatio n
2 History
I,
7 The monarchy
77
Prehi sto ry. The Roma n period (43 -4 10) .
Th e Germanic invasions (410--1066) . The medieval
period ( I 0 66-148r;) . The sixteenth cen tury .
Th e seve nteenth century . The eighteenth c('mmy .
The nineteenth ccntury . The twentiet h century
The eppeerencc : The realit y . Th e role o f the
mo narch. The value of the m onarchy. The futur e
of the monarchy
3 Geography
Cllm atc . Land and settlement . The environment
and pollut io n . Londo n. Sout hern England.
Th e Midlands . Northern Eng land. Sco tlan d .
Wales. No n hern Ireland
JI
8 The government 82
The cabinet . The Prime Ministc r . The civil scrvtcc .
Centr al and local government , Local government
services
9) Parliament
The atmosphere of Parliam ent . An MP 's life .
Parliamen tary bustness . Th e pany system in
Parliament . The House of Lord s
9 0
4 Identity
Ethnic iden tity: the native British. Ethnic ident ity:
the non-native British . The family . Geographical
idcn u ry . Class. Men and women . Religious and
poli tical iden tity . Social and everyda y co ntacts .
Identity in No n he rn Ireland . Being British
10 )Ele ct io n s
The system . Formal arrangem ent s . Th e cam paign .
Polling day . Election night. Recent results and the
future
5 Attitudes
Stereotypes and chan ge . English ver sus Bnti sh .
Multi cu lturali sm . Co nservatism . Being different .
Th e lo ve of nature . The love of antmals . Formality
and info rmality . Publi c spirited ness and
ama teurism . Privacy and sex
II The law
106
The police and the pu bli c . Crim e and crim inal
procedure . The system of justice . The legal
profession
Con ten ts S'
12 International relations
113
168
The benefits system, Social services and charities,
The natio nal health sen-icc , The medical profession
The end o f empire . The arm ed forces. Transa tlantic
rclauons . The sove reig nty of the uni on : Europe .
The sovereignty of the union: Scotla nd and Wales .
The sovereignty of the uni o n : Northern Ireland
19 Housing
174
13 Religion
1 21
Ho uses , no t flats , Private propert y and public
propert y, The im porta nce of ,ho m e ' , Ind ivid uality
and co n formity , Interio rs: the im po rtance of
cos iness , Owning and renting , Ho m elcssncss
Religio n and politic s. Anglican ism. Catholi cism.
Ot her co nvent ion al Chri stian churches . Other
religi on s, chur ches and religious movements
14 jEd uca t io n 130
- Historical backgro und . Organization . Style. Recent
development s. Schoo l life . Public exams .
Education beyond sixteen
20 Fo o d a nd d r in k
184
Attitudes to food , Eating o ut ' Alco hol, Pubs
21 Sport and competition 191
A nation al passion , The social imp o rtance of sport '
Cricket , Foo tball, Rug by, Anim als in sport , O ther
spo ns ' Gambling
15 The economy and
everyday life
Earning mon ey . w ork o rganizations . The struc ture
of trade and indus try . The di stribution o f wea lth.
Finance and investment - Spending money:
shopping . Shop openi ng ho urs
22 The arts
201
Th e arts in society - The characteristics of British arts
and letters , Theat re and cinema, Music , Literature .
The fine arts
16 h he m e d ia
15 1
The importance ofthe national pr ess . The two types
of natio nal ne wspaper , The characteristics of the
nat ional press: po litics , The characteris tics of the
national press: sex and scand al. ' The BBC '
Tele visio n : orga nization , Televisio n: style
23 Holidays and special
208
occasions
Tradi tional seaside holidays. Modem holidays .
Christmas and New Year . Other no tab le annual
occasions
~ Transport
On the road , Publi c transport in tow ns and cities ,
Pu blic transpo rt between towns and citie s, The sto ry
o f the chunnel ' Air and wat er
1 6 2
18 W e lfa re

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin