Tammy Zambo - Greek and Roman Architecture (2006).pdf

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Scott Foresman Social Studies
Fascinating Facts
• The ancient Greeks and Romans used pulleys and ropes to
create a type of crane for lifting heavy stones into place as they
built a new structure.
• Just as people do today, the ancient Romans built “fast-food”
shops that sold takeout food and restaurants that offered
outdoor seating.
• By A . D . 300, there were eleven public bathhouses and as many
as one thousand privately owned bathhouses in the city
of Rome.
Genre
Comprehension Skill
Text Features
Nonfi ction Main Idea and Details • Captions
• Sidebars
Scott Foresman Social Studies
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ISBN 0-328-14932-2
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The ancient Greeks and Romans made advances in
designing and erecting buildings that are still used all over
the world today. In this book you will read about numerous
Greek and Roman structures and learn how each one both
influenced and was influenced by the lives of Greek and
Roman citizens.
Vocabulary
democracy
architecture
agora
immortal
innovation
emperor
gladiator
ISBN: 0-328-14932-2
Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the
United States of America. This publication or parts thereof, may be used with appropriate
equipment to reproduce copies for classroom use only.
Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois
Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California • Mesa, Arizona
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A Lasting Influence
In today’s fast-paced world, people are constantly encountering new
objects and improvements in technology that offer possibilities they
have never considered before. Some aspects of life, however, are not
based on the new but on the old. For example, the United States is a
democracy , a form of government that was first developed in ancient
Greece. Likewise, many modern languages are based on Latin, the
language used in ancient Rome.
The architecture of buildings around the world today also reflects
the lasting influence of ancient Greece and Rome. Architecture is
the art and science of designing and erecting buildings. A culture’s
architecture tells a great deal about the way people live, and, in turn,
the way they live shapes their architecture.
Greek Temples
The ancient Greeks worshipped many deities. To each one of these
immortal gods and goddesses they built and dedicated a separate
temple. The temples were not houses of worship like the ones we
know today. Instead they were considered to be the places where
the deities stayed when they visited the earth. A temple was a god’s
or goddess’s house, and a statue or other image of the deity was the
temple’s main occupant. People visited temples only on regular festival
days and at special times when they wanted to ask for a deity’s favor.
Many temples had altars outside where these visitors could leave small
tokens or portions of food as an offering to the deity.
The Parthenon is the best-known Greek temple. It stood
prominently on the highest hill in Athens, the Acropolis, where many
other temples and sacred buildings were located. The Parthenon was
dedicated to Athena, the goddess of war, wisdom, and crafts. Athena
was also considered to be the guardian of Athens, and it is for her
the city is named. Because Athena was the most important deity to
Athenians, the Parthenon was the largest temple in the city.
A Place for Ideas
One of the busiest places in Athens was the agora, or
marketplace. In addition to merchants’ shops and stalls,
the agora included public buildings such as the city offices
and law courts. They also included buildings called stoas.
A stoa (STOH-ah) was a wide building with a roof and
an open front supported by a row of columns. Stoas were
places where men conducted business and gathered
for discussions. Philosophers also spoke or taught their
students at the stoas . A group of philosophers called the
Stoics even got their name from these meeting places.
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The Parthenon was built between 447 and about 432 B . C .
Athena’s Sacred Space
The architecture of the Parthenon reflects how temples were
used in the Golden Age of ancient Greece. The outer part of the
temple consisted of a portico, or porch, with an impressive Doric
marble colonnade , or row of columns, around all four sides. Inside
this colonnade, a shorter row of columns appeared at each end of
the temple. Next was the cella (SEL-eh), a vast inner chamber with
four walls made of stone blocks that were joined together with metal
clamps. The cella was divided into two rooms. In the main room a
wooden statue of Athena rose 40 feet (12 meters) into the air and
was covered with more than a ton of ivory and gold. A pool of water
glimmered at the statue’s feet to reflect light from the doorway onto
the statue. The smaller room of the cella , in the rear of the temple, was
a treasury that housed other statues, jewels, and vases paid as tribute to
Athens by the Delian League.
Each summer, to honor Athena’s birthday, all of Athens held a
huge festival called the Panathenaea (pan-AH-thee-NAH-ay-ah). The
highlight of the festival was a grand procession near the beginning. In
the procession, most of the people of Athens would march through
the city to the Acropolis along a route known as the Panathenaic Way.
In a formal ritual at the Acropolis, they would present a new robe to
be draped over a statue of Athena in a temple called the Erechtheum
(ih-WRECK-thee-uhm). Then a ceremonial feast would be held.
Every fourth year, the celebration called the Great Panathenaea
was bigger still and lasted six days. This festival began with poetry and
music contests, followed by athletic contests, called the Panathenaic
Games, and other contests held over five days. The great procession
and feast took place on the sixth day.
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The Design of a Greek House
The Mediterranean climate of Greece is warm most of the year,
and the Greeks’ houses were designed with this in mind. Most
houses featured a central courtyard with rooms on at least three
sides and possibly on an upper floor as well. The rooms usually had
only small open windows with wooden shutters, because the Greeks
valued their privacy. Baked clay tiles covered the roof, allowing
rainwater to fall from them evenly.
The houses were designed so that the courtyard was shaded and
cool during the many hot months of the year. Some also had a balcony
over the courtyard that was open to the air but had a roof, so that it
always provided shade. The courtyard was a gathering place for the
family. The house also contained an indoor altar, where the family
would pray daily and present offerings to the gods and goddesses.
If a house was large enough, certain rooms were designated
specifically for women, and others were for men. This arrangement
reflected the fact that men and women lived very separate lives, and
women did not socialize publicly with men. One of the primary
rooms in the house was the andron, or dining room, where the man of
the house would entertain male guests. Because the Greeks ate while
reclining, they often used dining couches rather than chairs.
The andron was designed with a low platform around the edges to
hold several dining couches.
This picture shows a large house that a fairly wealthy Greek family
would have lived in. Notice the andron with its dining couches on
the main floor.
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