Views of Europe.pdf

LEARNING

LIBRARY

Views of Europe

Visit the continent at the

crossroads of many cultures

C HICAGO L ONDON N EW D ELHI P ARIS S EOUL S YDNEY T AIPEI T OKYO

PROJECT TEAM

Judith West, Editorial Project Manager

Christopher Eaton, Editor and Educational

Consultant

Kathryn Harper, U.K. Editorial Consultant

Marilyn L. Barton, Senior Production

Coordinator

Charles Cegielski

Mark Domke

Michael Frassetto

James Hennelly

Sherman Hollar

Michael R. Hynes

Sandra Langeneckert

Gene O. Larson

Michael I. Levy

Robert Lewis

Tom Michael

Janet Moredock

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT/

INDEXING

Carmen-Maria Hetrea

Edward Paul Moragne

Marco Sampaolo

Sheila Vasich

Mansur G. Abdullah

Keith DeWeese

Catherine Keich

Stephen Seddon

Editors

Theodore Pappas

Anthony L. Green

Mary Rose McCudden

Andrea R. Field

Michael J. Anderson

Colin Murphy

Locke Petersheim

Indu Ramchandani (Encyclopædia

Britannica India)

Bhavana Nair (India)

Rashi Jain (India)

EDITORIAL TECHNOLOGIES

Steven Bosco

Gavin Chiu

Bruce Walters

Mark Wiechec

DESIGN

Steven N. Kapusta

Carol A. Gaines

Cate Nichols

ART

Kathy Nakamura

Kristine A. Strom

Nadia C. Venegas

COMPOSITION TECHNOLOGY

Mel Stagner

Design and Media Specialists

Nancy Donohue Canfield, Design

Megan Newton-Abrams, Design

Karen Koblik, Photos

Joseph Taylor, Illustrations

Amy Ning, Illustrations

Jerry A. Kraus, Illustrations

Michael Nutter, Maps

MANUFACTURING

Dennis Flaherty

Kim Gerber

ILLUSTRATION

David Alexovich

Christine McCabe

Thomas Spanos

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Leah Mansoor

Isabella Saccà

MEDIA ASSET MANAGEMENT

Jeannine Deubel

Kimberly L. Cleary

Kurt Heintz

Quanah Humphreys

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, INC.

Copy Editors

Barbara Whitney

Laura R. Gabler

Dennis Skord

Jacob E. Safra,

Chairman of the Board

Lisa Braucher, Data Editor

Paul Cranmer, Indexer

COPY

Sylvia Wallace

Jennifer F. Gierat

Glenn Jenne

Mary Kasprzak

Thad King

Larry Kowalski

Joan Lackowski

Dawn McHugh

Julian Ronning

Chrystal Schmit

Sarah Waterman

Jorge Aguilar-Cauz,

President

Michael Ross,

Senior Vice President, Corporate Development

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

PROJECT SUPPORT TEAM

Dale H. Hoiberg,

Senior Vice President and Editor

EDITORIAL

Linda Berris

Robert Curley

Brian Duignan

Kathleen Kuiper

Kenneth Pletcher

Jeffrey Wallenfeldt

Anita Wolff

Marsha Mackenzie,

Managing Editor and Director of Production

Cover photo (front): Royalty-Free/Corbis; (back): Charles O’Rear/Corbis. Cover insert photos (left): Blaine Harrington III/Corbis; (center): Charles O’Rear/Corbis;

(right): John Noble/Corbis

International Standard Book Number:978-1-59339-511-7

No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any

information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

BRITANNICA LEARNING LIBRARY:VIEWS OF EUROPE 2008

Britannica.com may be accessed on the Internet at http://www.britannica.com.

(Trademark Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.) Printed in U.S.A.

Views of Europe

INTRODUCTION

Where is the Emerald Isle? Why was the Berlin Wall built and torn down?

What is a fjord? What city in Eastern Europe was called “Little Paris”?

In Views of

Europe,

you’ll discover answers

Subject Tabs— The colored box in the upper corner of each right-hand

page will quickly tell you the article subject.

■

to these questions and

Search Lights— Try these mini-quizzes before and after you read the

article and see how much— and how quickly —you can learn. You can even

make this a game with a reading partner. (Answers are upside down at the

bottom of one of the pages.)

■

many more. Through

pictures, articles, and

fun facts, you’ll learn

Did You Know?— Check out these fun facts about the article subject.

With these surprising “factoids,” you can entertain your friends, impress

your teachers, and amaze your parents.

■

about the people,

traditions, landscapes,

and history that make

Picture Captions— Read the captions that go with the photos. They

provide useful information about the article subject.

■

up many of the countries

and cities of Europe.

Vocabulary— New or difficult words are in bold type . You’ll find

them explained in the Glossary at the end of the book.

■

Learn More!— Follow these pointers to related articles in the book. These

articles are listed in the Table of Contents and appear on the Subject Tabs.

■

Maps— You’ll find lots of information in this book’s many maps.

■

The Country Maps point out national capitals. Globes beside

Subject Tabs show where countries are located in the world.

■

The Continent Maps have a number key showing the location of

all countries.

The Icons on the maps highlight major geographic features and climate.

Here’s a key to what the map icons mean:

Deserts and Other Dry Areas

Polar Regions and Other Frozen Areas

Mountains

Rainforests

General Forests

To help you on your journey, we’ve provided the following guideposts in

Views of Europe:

■

Edinburgh Castle sits high up on Castle Rock, some

250 feet above the rest of Edinburgh. The site may

have been used as a fortress as early as the 6th century.

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