Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150-700 by JH Looijenga.pdf

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R UNES A ROUND THE N ORTH S EA AND
O N THE C ONTINENT AD 150-700;
T EXTS & C ONTEXTS
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Letteren,
aan de Rijksuniversiteit van Groningen
op gezag van de
Rector Magnificus, dr. F. van der Woude,
in het openbaar te verdedigen op
donderdag 27 november 1997
des namiddags om 1.15 uur
door
Jantina Helena Looijenga
Geboren op 12 juni 1948
te Groningen
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Promotor Prof. Dr. T. Hofstra
ISBN 90-6781-014-2
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R UNES A ROUND THE N ORTH S EA AND
O N THE C ONTINENT AD 150-700;
T EXTS & C ONTEXTS
This research was made possible by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research.
Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd met steun van de Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappe-
lijk Onderzoek (NWO).
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This book is dedicated to Prof. Dr. A.D. Kylstra, since he was my first ‘Master of Runes’ and
to Dr. D. Stapert, for introducing me to the delicate joy of science.
Colofon
© 1997
Tineke Looijenga, Groningen, The Netherlands
tekst: Tineke Looijenga
foto’s: Tineke Looijenga, unless otherwise indicated
kaarten: Peter Been
tekeningen: Tineke Looijenga, Jan Brouwer, D. Jansen
Layout, DTP Ad van Dongen
Runefonts
Johan Nordlander, Ulmeå, Norway
Printing
Copy 76
Editor
SSG Uitgeverij, Groningen, The Netherlands
(first limited edition November 1997)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information
storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher.
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Contents
List of abbreviations
vii
List of maps
ix
Acknowledgements
x
I. General Introduction
1. Aim of this study
1
2. Points of departure
2
3. Methods
6
4. A Division into two Runic Periods
9
5. On the graphic rendering of runes, findplaces, transliterations
11
6. Anomalous runes and doubtful cases
11
II. History, Archaeology and Runes
1. Introduction
14
2. From the pre-Roman Iron Age to the late-Germanic Iron Age
16
3. The emergence of an elite
17
4. The votive deposits in the Danish bogs
21
5. Bracteates
23
6. Denmark and the Goths in South-East Europe
27
7. The Continent
29
8. England
30
9. The Netherlands
35
III. On the Origin of the Runes
1. Introduction
40
2. The quest
40
3. Runes and Romans on the Rhine
43
4. More Roman connections
47
5. The first runographers
51
6. The West Germanic hypothesis
52
7. Conclusions
53
8. Some thoughts about the development of the runic writing system
55
IV. Summary and Some More Conclusions
1. Classification of contents
57
2. Some backgrounds of early runic writing
59
3. Runes and rituals
62
4. Comparing the corpora
63
5. The Early English and Frisian corpora
67
6. North Sea coastal links: ornamental runes, rune-crosses,
double runes and mirror-runes
68
7. The influence of Latin
70
8. Syntaxis and division marks
70
9. About the significance of runeforms
71
10. Diagnostic runeforms: k, j/g, s, h, l, e
71
11. The yew rune
73
12. The fate of the j rune, Gmc *j a ra , OE g s r, j a r
76
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