Burton, Sharpe - Wind Energy Handbook [Wiley 2001].pdf - wiatraki - TargetAttack

WIND ENERGY

HANDBOOK

Tony Burton

Wind Energy Consultant, Carno, UK

David Sharpe

CREST, Loughborough University, UK

Nick Jenkins

UMlSl Manchester, UK

Ervin Bossanyi

Garrad Hassan & Partners, Bristol, UK

JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD

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Reprinted December 2001, November 2002, March 2004

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or

otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms

of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WlT

4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be

addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate,

Chichester, West Sussex PO 19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to

(+44)1243 770571.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject

matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering

professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a

competent professional should be sought.

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Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Handbook of wind energy / Tony Burton, David Sharpe, Nick Jenkins and Ervin Bossanyi.

p. cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-471-48997-2

Wind power - Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Burton, Tony, 1947.

TJ820.H35 2001

621.31'2136-dc21

2001024908

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 471 48997 2

Typeset in 10/12pt Palatino by Keytec Typesetting Ltd, Bridport, Dorset

Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.

This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry

in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

Acknowledgements

A large number of individuals have assisted the authors in a variety of ways in the

preparation of this work. In particular, however, we would like to thank David

Infield for providing some of the content of Chapter 4, David Quarton for scrutinis-

ing and commenting on Chapter 5, Mark Hancock, Martin Ansell and Colin

Anderson for supplying information and guidance on blade material properties

reported in Chapter 7, and Ray Hicks for insights into gear design. Thanks are also

due to Roger Haines and Steve Gilkes for illuminating discussions on yaw drive

design and braking philosophy, respectively, and to James Shawler for assistance

and discussions about Chapter 3.

We have made extensive use of ETSU and Riso publications and record our

thanks to these organisations for making documents available to us free of charge

and sanctioning the reproduction of some of the material therein.

While acknowledging the help we have received from the organisations and

individuals referred to above, the responsibility for the work is ours alone, so

corrections and/or constructive criticisms would be welcome.

Extracts from British Standards reproduced with the permission of the British

Standards Institution under licence number 2001/SK0281. Complete Standards are

available from BSI Customer Services. (Tel +44 (0) 20 8996 9001).

List of Symbols

Note: This list is not exhaustive, and omits many symbols that are unique to

particular chapters

axial flow induction factor

tangential flow induction factor

tangential flow induction factor at the blade tip

flo

two-dimensional lift curve slope, (dQ/da)

fli

constant defining magnitude of structural damping

A, A D

rotor swept area

^oo/ Av

upstream and downstream stream-tube cross-sectional areas

face width of gear teeth

blade chord; Weibull scale parameter

damping coefficient per unit length

generalized damping coefficient with respect to the ith mode

decay constant

C(v)

Theodorsen's function, where v is the reduced frequency:

C(v) = F(v) + iG(v)

sectional drag coefficient

sectional force coefficient (i.e., Cd or Ci as appropriate)

sectional lift coefficient

C™

coefficient of a Kinner pressure distribution

pressure coefficient

power coefficient

torque coefficient

thrust coefficient; total cost of wind turbine

CTB

total cost of baseline wind turbine

C x

coefficient of sectional blade element force normal to the rotor plane

coefficient of sectional blade element force parallel to the rotor plane

C(Ar, n)

coherence—i.e., normalized cross spectrum - for wind speed

fluctuations at points separated by distance s measured in the across

wind direction

Cjk(n)

coherence—i.e., normalized cross spectrum - for longitudinal wind

speed fluctuations at points ; and k

streamwise distance between vortex sheets in a wake

pitch diameter of pinion gear

^PL

pitch diameter of planet gear

drag force; tower diameter; rotor diameter; flexural rigidity of plate

energy capture, i.e., energy generated by turbine over defined time

period; modulus of elasticity

E{ }

time averaged value of expression within brackets

tip loss factor; Coriolis parameter

/()

probability density function

fj(t)

blade tip displacement in y'th mode

fin(t)

blade tip displacement in z'th mode at the end of the nth time step

fj(t)

blade ; first mode tip displacement

fj(t)

hub displacement for tower first mode

force

load in x (downwind) direction

load in y direction

F t

force between gear teeth at right angles to the line joining the gear

centres

F(pt)

function determining the radial distribution of induced velocity

normal to the plane of the rotor

F()

cumulative probability density function

vortex sheet strength; peak factor, defined as the number of standard

deviations of a variable to be added to the mean to obtain the extreme

value in a particular exposure period, for zero-up-crossing frequency,

peak factor as above, but for zero upcrossing frequency n 0

geostrophic wind speed; shear modulus; gearbox ratio

G(t)

t second gust factor

height of atmospheric boundary layer; duration of time step; thickness

of thin-walled panel; maximum height of single gear tooth contact

above critical root section

hub height

Hft

elements of transformational matrix, H, used in wind simulation

Hi(n)

complex frequency response function for the z'th mode

turbulence intensity; second moment of area; moment of inertia;

electrical current (shown in bold when complex)

blade inertia about root

ambient turbulence intensity

I +

added turbulence intensity

I + +

added turbulence intensity above hub height

inertia of rotor about horizontal axis in its plane

I u

longitudinal turbulence intensity

I v

lateral turbulence intensity

l w

vertical turbulence intensity

Jwake

total wake turbulence intensity

V=i

shape parameter for Weibull function; integer; reduced frequency,

(coc/2W)

generalized stiffness with respect to the z'th mode, defined as rai<y?

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