Burton, Sharpe - Wind Energy Handbook [Wiley 2001].pdf
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WIND ENERGY
HANDBOOK
Tony Burton
Wind Energy Consultant, Carno, UK
David Sharpe
CREST, Loughborough University, UK
Nick Jenkins
UMlSl Manchester, UK
Ervin Bossanyi
Garrad Hassan & Partners, Bristol, UK
JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
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Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd,
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Reprinted December 2001, November 2002, March 2004
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Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Handbook of wind energy / Tony Burton, David Sharpe, Nick Jenkins and Ervin Bossanyi.
p. cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-471-48997-2
1.
Wind power - Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Burton, Tony, 1947.
TJ820.H35 2001
621.31'2136-dc21
2001024908
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 471 48997 2
Typeset in 10/12pt Palatino by Keytec Typesetting Ltd, Bridport, Dorset
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
Acknowledgements
A large number of individuals have assisted the authors in a variety of ways in the
preparation of this work. In particular, however, we would like to thank David
Infield for providing some of the content of Chapter 4, David Quarton for scrutinis-
ing and commenting on Chapter 5, Mark Hancock, Martin Ansell and Colin
Anderson for supplying information and guidance on blade material properties
reported in Chapter 7, and Ray Hicks for insights into gear design. Thanks are also
due to Roger Haines and Steve Gilkes for illuminating discussions on yaw drive
design and braking philosophy, respectively, and to James Shawler for assistance
and discussions about Chapter 3.
We have made extensive use of ETSU and Riso publications and record our
thanks to these organisations for making documents available to us free of charge
and sanctioning the reproduction of some of the material therein.
While acknowledging the help we have received from the organisations and
individuals referred to above, the responsibility for the work is ours alone, so
corrections and/or constructive criticisms would be welcome.
Extracts from British Standards reproduced with the permission of the British
Standards Institution under licence number 2001/SK0281. Complete Standards are
available from BSI Customer Services. (Tel +44 (0) 20 8996 9001).
List of Symbols
Note: This list is not exhaustive, and omits many symbols that are unique to
particular chapters
a
axial flow induction factor
a'
tangential flow induction factor
a[
tangential flow induction factor at the blade tip
flo
two-dimensional lift curve slope, (dQ/da)
fli
constant defining magnitude of structural damping
A, A
D
rotor swept area
^oo/ Av
upstream and downstream stream-tube cross-sectional areas
b
face width of gear teeth
c
blade chord; Weibull scale parameter
c
damping coefficient per unit length
Cj
generalized damping coefficient with respect to the ith mode
C
decay constant
C(v)
Theodorsen's function, where
v
is the reduced frequency:
C(v) = F(v) +
iG(v)
Cd
sectional drag coefficient
Cf
sectional force coefficient (i.e., Cd or Ci as appropriate)
Ci
sectional lift coefficient
C™
coefficient of a Kinner pressure distribution
Cp
pressure coefficient
Cp
power coefficient
CQ
torque coefficient
CT
thrust coefficient; total cost of wind turbine
CTB
total cost of baseline wind turbine
C
x
coefficient of sectional blade element force normal to the rotor plane
Cy
coefficient of sectional blade element force parallel to the rotor plane
C(Ar,
n)
coherence—i.e., normalized cross spectrum - for wind speed
fluctuations at points separated by distance
s
measured in the across
wind direction
Cjk(n)
coherence—i.e., normalized cross spectrum - for longitudinal wind
speed fluctuations at points ; and
k
d
streamwise distance between vortex sheets in a wake
d\
pitch diameter of pinion gear
^PL
pitch diameter of planet gear
D
drag force; tower diameter; rotor diameter; flexural rigidity of plate
E
energy capture, i.e., energy generated by turbine over defined time
period; modulus of elasticity
E{
}
time averaged value of expression within brackets
/
tip loss factor; Coriolis parameter
/()
probability density function
fj(t)
blade tip displacement in y'th mode
fin(t)
blade tip displacement in z'th mode at the end of the nth time step
fj(t)
blade ; first mode tip displacement
fj(t)
hub displacement for tower first mode
F
force
Fx
load in
x
(downwind) direction
Fy
load in y direction
F
t
force between gear teeth at right angles to the line joining the gear
centres
F(pt)
function determining the radial distribution of induced velocity
normal to the plane of the rotor
F()
cumulative probability density function
g
vortex sheet strength; peak factor, defined as the number of standard
deviations of a variable to be added to the mean to obtain the extreme
value in a particular exposure period, for zero-up-crossing frequency,
v
go
peak factor as above, but for zero upcrossing frequency n
0
G
geostrophic wind speed; shear modulus; gearbox ratio
G(t)
t
second gust factor
h
height of atmospheric boundary layer; duration of time step; thickness
of thin-walled panel; maximum height of single gear tooth contact
above critical root section
H
hub height
Hft
elements of transformational matrix, H, used in wind simulation
Hi(n)
complex frequency response function for the z'th mode
I
turbulence intensity; second moment of area; moment of inertia;
electrical current (shown in bold when complex)
JB
blade inertia about root
Io
ambient turbulence intensity
I
+
added turbulence intensity
I
+
+
added turbulence intensity above hub height
IR
inertia of rotor about horizontal axis in its plane
I
u
longitudinal turbulence intensity
I
v
lateral turbulence intensity
l
w
vertical turbulence intensity
Jwake
total wake turbulence intensity
/
V=i
k
shape parameter for Weibull function; integer; reduced frequency,
(coc/2W)
kj
generalized stiffness with respect to the z'th mode, defined as rai<y?
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