How Computers Work.pdf

How

C o m p u t ers

Work

Fourth Edition

How

C o m p u t e r s

Wor k

Fourth Edition

Ron White

I l l u s t r ated by Timothy Edwa rd Downs, Sarah Is h ida,

and Stephen Adams

A Division of Macmillan Computer Publishing, USA

201 W. 103rd Stre e t

Indianapolis, IN 46290

How Computers Work, Fo u rth Edition

C o py r i g h t Ó 1998 by Que â C o r p o r at i o n .

First printing: September 1998

Publisher John Pierce

Executive Editor Angela Wethington

Acquisitions Editor Renee Wilmeth

Development Editors Renee Wilmeth and Heather E. Talbot

Managing Editor Thomas F. Hayes

Project Editor Heather E. Talbot

Copy Editor Heather E. Talbot

Technical Illustrators Timothy Edward Downs, Sarah Ishida, and Stephen Adams

Book Design Carrie English and Bruce Lundquist

Page Layout Trina Wurst

Proofreader John Etchison

Indexer Lisa Stumpf

All other product names and services identiﬁed throughout this book are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respec-

tive companies. They are used throughout this book in editorial fashion only and not for the beneﬁt of such companies. No

such uses, or the use of any trade name, is intended to convey endorsement or other afﬁliation with the book.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, or stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted or dis-

tributed in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written

permission of Que, except as permitted by the Copyright Act of 1976.

THE INFORMATION AND MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS BOOK ARE PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF

ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY WARRANTY CONCERNING THE ACCU-

RACY, ADEQUACY, OR COMPLETENESS OF SUCH INFORMATION OR MATERIAL OR THE RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED

FROM USING SUCH INFORMATION OR MATERIAL. NEITHER ZIFF-DAVIS PRESS, QUE NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE

RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY CLAIMS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR OTHER INACCURACIES IN THE INFOR-

MATION OR MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS BOOK, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL ZIFF-DAVIS PRESS OR THE AUTHOR

BE LIABLE FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE

USE OF SUCH INFORMATION OR MATERIAL. SO THERE.

Manufactured in the United States of America

Library of Congress Catalog No.: 98-85290

ISBN: 0-7897-1728-X

This book is sold as is, without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, respecting the contents of this book, including

but not limited to implied warranties for the book’s quality, performance, merchantability, or ﬁtness for any particular purpose.

Neither Que Corporation nor its dealers or distributors shall be liable to the purchaser or any other person or entity with re-

spect to any liability, loss, or damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.

00 99 98 6 5 4 3 2 1

Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number is the year of the book’s printing; the rightmost single-

digit number, the number of the book’s printing. For example, a printing code of 98-1 shows that the ﬁrst printing of the book

occurred in 1998.

All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Que

cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of

any trademark or service mark. Que is a trademark of Macmillan Computer Publishing.

This book was written on a Hewlett-Packard 7370V, a Gateway Solo 2100, and an IBM Aptiva Pentium II using WordPerfect,

Microsoft Word, Professional Capture System, Paint Shop Pro, Notes 4.5, Windows Explorer, Netscape Navigator, and a

BitSURFR ISDN connection. Author’s color proofs produced with Hewlett-Packard OfﬁceJet Pro 1150C. It was produced on a

Macintosh Quadra 900 and a IIfx, with the following applications: Adobe Illustrator, QuarkXPress, Microsoft Word, MacLink

Plus, Adobe Photoshop, FrameMaker, Aldus FreeHand, and Collage Plus.

For Shannon and Michael, who

a lways kept me honest in my

ex p l a n ations, who never took

“ ’Cause” for an answe r.

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