Creole.Transformation.from.Slavery.to.Freedom.Historical.Archaeology.of.the.East.End.Community.St.John.Virgin.Is.Oct.2003.pdf

Creole Transformation

from Slavery to Freedom

Historical Archaeology of the East End

Community, St. John, Virgin Islands

Douglas V. Armstrong

Creole Transformation from Slavery to Freedom

Florida A&M University, Tallahassee

Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton

Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers

Florida International University, Miami

Florida State University, Tallahassee

University of Central Florida, Orlando

University of Florida, Gainesville

University of North Florida, Jacksonville

University of South Florida, Tampa

University of West Florida, Pensacola

Wattle and mortar wall of house at Carolina Estate, 1995

Creole Transformation

from Slavery to Freedom

Historical Archaeology of the East End Community,

St. John, Virgin Islands

Douglas V. Armstrong

University Press of Florida

Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton

Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

08 07 06 05 04 03 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Armstrong, Douglas V.

Creole transformation from slavery to freedom : historical archaeology

of the East End community, St. John, Virgin Islands / Douglas V. Armstrong.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8130-2584-2 (cloth : alk. paper)

1. East End (Virgin Islands of the United States)—History. 2. East End

(Virgin Islands of the United States)—Antiquities. 3. East End (Virgin

Islands of the United States)—Race relations. 4. Ethnology—Virgin Islands

of the United States—East End. 5. Excavations (Archaeology)—Virgin

Islands of the United States—East End. 6. Urban archaeology—Virgin

Islands of the United States—East End. I. Title.

F2098.A76 2003

972.97'22—dc21 2003054085

Unless otherwise noted, all photographs are courtesy

of Douglas V. Armstrong.

The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency

for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M

University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University,

Florida International University, Florida State University, University

of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida,

University of South Florida, and University of West Florida.

University Press of Florida

15 Northwest 15th Street

Gainesville, FL 32611-2079

http://www.upf.com

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