23831690-Copenhagen-Climate-Change-Agreement.pdf

DRAFT 271109

Decision 1/CP.15

(Decision 1/CMP.5 in separate document)

Adoption of

The Copenhagen Agreement

Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The Conference of the Parties,

Pursuant to the Bali Road Map adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its thirteenth session,

Acknowledging and building on the work by the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term

Cooperative Action under the Convention and the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further

Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol,

Sharing a commitment to take immediate and enhanced national action under the Convention in

pursuit of its ultimate objective, and in accordance with its principles and commitments

including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities,

Seeking at the same time to move ahead promptly to take action related to address climate change,

Believing it imperative that the Parties continue to work together constructively to strengthen the

world’s ability to combat climate change,

Affirming the need to continue negotiations pursuant to decisions taken at COP13 and COP15, with

a view to agreeing on a comprehensive legal framework under the Convention no later than

COPXX

Decides to adopt this political agreement (hereinafter “the Copenhagen Agreement”), which will

become effective immediately.

The Copenhagen Agreement

1. The Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter

“the Parties”) seek to further the implementation of the Convention in a manner that pursues

its ultimate objective as stated in its Article 2, that recalls its provisions, and that is guided by

the principles in Article 3.

I. A Shared Vision for Long-Term Cooperative Action

2. The Parties underline that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time and

commit to a vigorous response through immediate ambitious national action and strengthened

international cooperation with a view to limit global average temperature rise to a maximum

of 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels. The Parties are convinced of the need to address

climate change bearing in mind that social and economic development and poverty eradication

are the first and overriding priorities in developing countries. The Parties note that the largest

share of historical global emissions of greenhouse gases originates in developed countries, and

that per capita emissions in many developing countries are still relatively low. The Parties

recognize the urgency of addressing the need for enhanced action on adaptation to climate

change. They are equally convinced that moving to a low-emission economy is an opportunity

to promote continued economic growth and sustainable development in all countries

recognizing that gender equality is essential in achieving sustainable development. In this

regard, the Parties:

Commit to take action to mitigate climate change based on their common but

differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities,

Commit to take action on adaptation including international support assisting the poorest

and most vulnerable countries,

Commit to strengthen the international architecture for the provision of substantially

increased finance for climate efforts in developing countries,

Commit to establish a technology mechanism to promote the development, transfer and

deployment of environmentally sustainable technologies in support of mitigation and

adaptation efforts.

Welcoming the significance of the commitments on all Bali Building blocks reflected in this

Agreement, the Parties emphasize the need for full implementation, both domestically and

internationally, take note of the additional efforts being taken, and planned, by the Parties,

such as cooperative efforts regarding transformational and other technologies; and encourage

each other to take appropriate additional steps.

3. Recalling the ultimate objective of the Convention, the Parties stress the urgency of action on

both mitigation and adaptation and recognize the scientific view that the increase in global

average temperature above pre-industrial levels ought not to exceed 2 degrees C. In this

regard, the Parties:

Support the goal of a peak of global emissions as soon as possible, but no later than

[2020], acknowledging that developed countries collectively have peaked and that the

timeframe for peaking will be longer in developing countries,

Support the goal of a reduction of global annual emissions in 2050 by at least 50 percent

versus 1990 annual emissions, equivalent to at least 58 percent versus 2005 annual

emissions. The Parties contributions towards the goal should take into account common

but different responsibility and respective capabilities and a long term convergence of

per capita emissions.

II. Adaptation

4. The adverse effects of climate change are already taking place and are posing a serious threat

to the social and economic development of all countries. This is particularly true in the most

vulnerable developing countries, which will be disproportionally affected. The adverse impact

of climate change will constitute an additional burden on developing countries´ efforts to

reduce poverty, to attain sustainable development and to achieve the United Nations

Millennium Development Goals. Both adaptation and mitigation efforts are fundamental to

the fight against climate change. Adaptation must include action to reduce risk and

vulnerability, taking into account gender equality, and build resilience in order to reduce the

threats, loss and damages to livelihoods and ecosystems from disasters caused by extreme

weather events and from slow-onset events caused by gradual climate change. Recognizing

that the impact of climate change will differ according to regional and national circumstances,

planning and implementation of adaptation actions must be considered in the context of the

social, economic and environmental policies of each country. Adaptation action at national

level will be a country driven process taking into account national development priorities and

plans.

5. In this regard, the Parties endorse the adaptation framework in decision X4/CP.15 with the

objective of reducing vulnerability and building resilience to present and future effects of

climate change through national action and international cooperation. This includes the

provision of finance, technology and capacity building in the immediate, medium and long-

term. Support should be provided with priority for the poorest and most vulnerable countries.

In the context of this Framework institutional arrangements will be established over time to

support Parties’ actions and provide technical assistance including for risk reduction and

provide financial risk transfer such as insurance. Further, this will include a system to ensure

mutual accountability with monitoring, review and assessment of support and actions and

share lessons learned. A share of fast-start financing comprising [$X] for 2010-12 will be

provided through existing channels, including the Adaptation Fund, to implement actions

identified in National Adaptation Programmes of Action and other urgent needs and to build

capacity for further planning.

III. Mitigation

6. The shared vision limiting global average temperature rise to a maximum of 2 degrees above

pre-industrial levels is addressed by nationally appropriate mitigation contributions to be

carried out by the Parties consistent with the principle of common but differentiated

responsibilities and respective capabilities and with developed countries taking the lead.

Developed Countries nationally appropriate mitigation commitments and actions

7. The developed country Parties commit to individual national economy wide targets for 2020.

The targets in Attachment A would expect to yield aggregate emissions reductions by X1

percent by 2020 versus 1990 (X2 percent vs. 2005). The purchase of international offset

credits will play a supplementary role to domestic action. The developed country Parties

support a goal to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases in aggregate by 80% or more by

2050 versus 1990 (X3 percent versus 2005).

8. Attachment A reflects the individual economy-wide targets, including quantified emission

limitation and reduction objectives by all the developed country Parties.

Developing countries nationally appropriate mitigation actions

9. The developing country Parties, except the least developed countries which may contribute at

their own discretion, commit to nationally appropriate mitigation actions, including actions

supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building. The developing

countries’ individual mitigation action could in aggregate yield a [Y percent] deviation in

[2020] from business as usual and yielding their collective emissions peak before [20XX] and

decline thereafter.

10. Attachment B reflects individual commitments to nationally appropriate mitigation actions by

developing country Parties. Developing country parties which have not reflected their

contributions at COP15 should do so before [XX], except least developed countries. A

developing country Party may subsequently amend its national contribution to register

additional national appropriate mitigation actions which increase its overall mitigation

outcome.

11. A Registry in the form of a database under UNFCCC is established in order to enable the

international recognition of developing country mitigation action. The Registry shall include

supported mitigation actions that meet agreed MRV specifications and unsupported actions

that are subject to national MRV based on internationally agreed guidelines and a consultative

review under UNFCCC. Developing countries commit to inscribe supported nationally

appropriate mitigation actions in the Registry and indicate the expected emissions outcomes.

Unsupported action shall, except for the least developed countries which may do so at their

own discretion, be inscribed via the National Communications and can be inscribed directly in

the Registry beforehand on a voluntary basis.

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

12. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation is an important aspect of the

necessary response to climate change. Developing countries should contribute to enhanced

mitigation actions through reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation,

maintaining existing and enhancing carbon stocks, and enhancing removals by increasing

forest cover. Parties underline the importance of enhanced and sustained financial resources

and positive incentives for developing countries to, through a series of phases, build capacity

and undertake actions that result in measurable, reportable and verifiable greenhouse gas

emission reductions and removal and changes in forest carbon stocks in relation to reference

emission levels. Parties collectively endorse the framework in Decision X/CP.15, with the aim

of stabilizing forest cover in developing countries by [X] and reducing gross deforestation in

developing countries by at least [XX]% by [2020] compared to current levels.

Bunkers

13. An effective mitigation response includes reduction of emissions from international bunker

fuels. The Parties therefore commit to set and implement a global emission reduction target

for international shipping equal to [x]% in 2020 compared to [2005] and a global emission

reduction target for international aviation equal to [y]% in 2020 compared to [2005]. The

Parties shall work through the International Maritime Organization and the International Civil

Aviation Organization to take this issue forward and secure a timely implementation of

actions needed,

Carbon markets

14. An effective mitigation response requires a well functioning carbon market. Carbon markets

have the potential to deliver significant mutual benefits to developed and developing countries

in terms of both on-the-ground investment and environmental and energy security co-benefits.

The Parties will work towards an effective and orderly transition from project based to more

comprehensive approaches. They will also improve the existing project based carbon market

mechanism in order to ensure the environmental integrity and further underpin a broad and

liquid carbon market. [In this regard, the Parties endorse decision X3/CP.15 and X2/CMP.5.]

National policies

15. The Parties commit to further integrate low-emission development policies into national

planning. The Parties commit to rationalize and phase out over the medium term inefficient

fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption. As we do that, we recognize the

importance of providing those in need with the ability to purchase essential energy services,

including through the use of targeted cash transfers and other appropriate mechanisms. In

addition, the Parties commit to work towards adopting domestic policies aiming at payment

for actual consumption of energy. Furthermore, transparency concerning consumption and

cost of energy should be increased.

Response measures

16. Parties decide that countries must strive to implement policies and measures in such a way as

to minimize adverse social, environmental and economic impacts on developing country

Parties taking fully into account all relevant articles of the Convention and as set forth in

decision in X/CP.15. Parties further decide that action relating to response measures should be

handled in a structured manner, in accordance with the Convention recognizing the needs of

developing country Parties and as set forth in decision X/CP.15.

IV. Technology

17. The international community can only be fully successful in addressing climate change if it is

able to effectively develop, diffuse and deploy existing climate friendly technologies and

rapidly innovate new and transformational climate-friendly technologies. This will require a

combination of efforts, including substantially increased public and private sector investment

in RD&D, enhanced international cooperation and transfers, the removal of barriers, increased

incentives to promote the development and dissemination of environmentally sustainable

technologies, elaboration of global technology roadmaps, information sharing on best

practices, and greater capacity-building efforts to promote the development and deployment of

environmentally sustainable technologies in support of mitigation and adaptation efforts.

18. Parties commit to enable the accelerated large-scale development, transfer and deployment of

environmentally sound and climate friendly technologies across all stages of the technology

cycle, respecting IPR regimes including protecting the legitimate interests of public and

private innovators. Developed country parties commit to work towards doubling aggregate

public investments in climate related research, development and demonstration by 2015 from

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