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THE CROWN OF ARSINOË II
THE CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN
IMAGERY OF AUTHORITY
by
Maria Nilsson
GOTHENBURG 2010
THE CROWN OF ARSINOË II
THE CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN
IMAGERY OF AUTHORITY
by
Maria Nilsson
GOTHENBURG 2010
Dissertation in Classical Archaeology and Ancient History for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy submitted to University of Gothenburg, 2010.
ABSTRACT
Nilsson, M.,
The crown of Arsinoë II. The creation and development of an imagery of
authority
. 760 pp. 158 pls. Written in English.
This study deals with a unique crown that was created for Queen Arsinoë II. The aim is to
identify and understand the symbolism that is embedded in each pictorial detail that together
form the crown and how this reflects the wearer‟s socio-political and religious positions. The
study focuses on the crown and its details, while also including all contextual aspects of the
relief scenes in order to understand the general meaning. This crown was later developed and
usurped by other female figures; the material includes 158 Egyptian relief scenes dating from
Arsinoë‟s lifetime to Emperor Trajan,
c
. 400 years. In order to show the development of the
crown‟s symbolism, this work includes a large number of later scenes depicting the Egyptian
goddess Hathor wearing a crown almost identical to Arsinoë‟s.
The results of this study suggest that the crown of Arsinoë was created for the living queen
and reflected three main cultural positions: her royal position as King of Lower Egypt, her
cultic role as high priestess, and her religious aspect as
thea Philadelphos
. It indicates that she
was proclaimed female pharaoh during her lifetime, and that she was regarded the female
founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The results of the study of the later material suggest that
the later Hathoric crown was created in a time of political instability, when Ptolemy IV
needed to emphasise his ancestry – underlining his lineage from Arsinoë II and Ptolemy II.
The comprehensive study of the contextual pictorial setting indicates that this is a plausible
explanation: the crown of Arsinoë became a symbol of authority worthy of continuation.
Keywords: Arsinoë, crowns, Ptolemaic, reliefs, Egyptian art, Egyptian religion, symbolism,
female pharaohs, Hathor, God‟s wife, Edfu, Philae, Dendera, relative scaling, relative
placement, conceptions of time, post-colonial theory
Maria Nilsson, Dept. of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Box 200, 405 30
Göteborg, Sweden.
© Copyright Maria Nilsson 2010
Distributor: Dept. of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Box 200, 405 30
Göteborg, Sweden.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
7
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
9
LIST OF TABLES
12
I INTRODUCTION
13
CHAPTER I.1 OBJECTIVES, TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
13
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVITIES
14
DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
16
Definition of the crowns
17
Designation of rulers and geographic locations
18
CHAPTER I.2 THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL
APPROACHES
19
METHODS OF ICONOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION
20
Approaching semiotics and post-structuralism
20
Translating the illustrated language of codes
21
Semiotic and iconographic definitions applied in the material
24
Units
24
Elements
25
Symbols
26
The hermeneutic line of thought
27
The theme and its relevance to the crowns
31
A new application of old principles
31
The ancient principles of grid system and horizontal lines
32
New approaches – study of the crown line
35
Contextual setting
36
CHAPTER I.3 PREVIOUS RESEARCH
38
CROWNS
38
THE TEMPLES
41
STELAI AND DECREES
43
THE ISSUE OF GENDER
45
CHAPTER I.4 BACKGROUND
46
THE CROWN
46
INTRODUCING QUEEN ARSINOË
49
The cultic roles of Arsinoë
50
The eponymous cult
51
Dynastic cult and the Egyptian worship of Arsinoë
56
58
II THE MATERIAL
CHAPTER II.1 PRESENTING THE CROWNS AND THE RELIEF
SCENES
58
THE IMAGES PRESENTED IN THE CATALOGUE
59
Crown compositions
60
CHAPTER II.2 CATALOGUE INTRODUCTION
68
CHAPTER II.3 CATALOGUE DESCRIPTION
69
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223
III ANALYSIS
CHAPTER III.1 THE HEADDRESS
224
TRIPARTITE WIG (TW)
224
VULTURE CAP (VC)
227
SINGLE FOREHEAD
URAEUS
(SFU)
231
ROYAL DIADEM
234
CONCLUDING SUMMARY
234
CHAPTER III.2 THE CROWN
235
RAM HORNS (RH)
236
Intercultural symbolism?
239
RED CROWN (RC)
245
“The Red One” of Lower Egypt
249
DOUBLE FEATHER PLUME (DFP)
250
The symbolism of the double feather plume
252
The physical origin of the feathers
255
A Greek counterpart?
260
COW HORNS AND SOLAR DISC (CS)
261
Cultural associations of the cow horns
265
Cultural associations of the solar disc
265
The symbolism of the CS-unit
267
URAEUS
(UR)
268
THE WHITE CROWN
269
THE DOUBLE CROWN (DC)
271
THE
ATEF
FEATHER (ATEF)
272
CONCLUDING SUMMARY
273
CHAPTER III.3 CROWN COMPOSITIONS
275
THE CROWN OF ARSINOË (AC)
275
Pictorial precursors
284
THE LATER HATHORIC CROWN
288
The Dendera crown (DEC)
289
The Dendera crown with an additional
atef
feather (DECA)
293
The Edfu crowns (FEC & EC)
296
CONCLUDING SUMMARY
300
CHAPTER III.4 HANDHELD ITEMS
302
ANKH
303
SCEPTRES AND STAVES
306
SISTRUM
308
HAND HELD IN PROTECTIVE MANNER
310
NOTHCED PALM BRANCH
311
CONCLUDING SUMMARY
312
CHAPTER III.5 DECORATION
313
SHEAT DRESS
314
SANDALS
315
JEWELLERY
315
CORNER BOX
315
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