sag.pdf
(
325 KB
)
Pobierz
The Linux System Administrator's Guide
The Linux System Administrator's Guide
Version 0.8
Lars Wirzenius
<
liw@iki.fi>
Joanna Oja
<
viu@iki.fi>
Stephen Stafford
<
stephen@clothcat.demon.co.uk>
Alex Weeks
<
weeks_alex@yahoo.com.NOSPAM>
2003−12−03
An introduction to system administration of a Linux system for novices.
Copyright 1993−−1998 Lars Wirzenius.
Copyright 1998−−2001 Joanna Oja.
Copyright 2001−−2003 Stephen Stafford.
Copyright 2003−−Present Stephen Stafford & Alex Weeks.
Trademarks are owned by their owners.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License, Version 1.1; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front−Cover Texts, and with no
Back−Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
License".
The Linux System Administrator's Guide
Table of Contents
Source and pre−formatted versions available.
.................................................................................................1
Chapter 1. Introduction.
.....................................................................................................................................2
Chapter 2. About This Book.
.............................................................................................................................4
2.1. Acknowledgments..
...........................................................................................................................4
2.1.1. Joanna's acknowledgments.
.....................................................................................................4
2.1.2. Stephen's acknowledgments.
...................................................................................................4
2.1.3. Alex's Acknowledgments.
.......................................................................................................5
2.2. Typographical Conventions.
.............................................................................................................5
Chapter 3. Overview of a Linux System.
..........................................................................................................6
3.1. Various parts of an operating system.
...............................................................................................6
3.2. Important parts of the kerne.
............................................................................................................6
3.3. Major services in a UNIX system.
....................................................................................................7
3.3.1. ini.
...........................................................................................................................................8
3.3.2. Logins from terminals.
............................................................................................................8
3.3.3. Syslog.
.....................................................................................................................................8
3.3.4. Periodic command execution: cron and at.
.............................................................................8
3.3.5. Graphical user interface.
..........................................................................................................9
3.3.6. Networking.
.............................................................................................................................9
3.3.7. Network logins.
.......................................................................................................................9
3.3.8. Network file systems.
............................................................................................................10
3.3.9. Mail
.......................................................................................................................................10
3.3.10. Printing.
...............................................................................................................................10
3.3.11. The filesystem layout.
.........................................................................................................10
Chapter 4. Overview of the Directory Tree.
...................................................................................................12
4.1. Background.
....................................................................................................................................12
4.2. The root filesystem.
........................................................................................................................13
4.3. The /etc directory.
...........................................................................................................................14
4.4. The /dev directory.
..........................................................................................................................16
4.5. The /usr filesystem.
.........................................................................................................................16
4.6. The /var filesystem.
.........................................................................................................................16
4.7. The /proc filesystem.
.......................................................................................................................17
Chapter 5. Device Files.
....................................................................................................................................19
5.1. The MAKEDEV Scrip.
..................................................................................................................19
5.2. The mknod command.
....................................................................................................................19
5.3. Device List.
.....................................................................................................................................20
Chapter 6. Using Disks and Other Storage Media.
........................................................................................22
6.1. Two kinds of devices.
.....................................................................................................................22
6.2. Hard disks.
......................................................................................................................................23
6.3. Floppies.
..........................................................................................................................................25
6.4. CD−ROMs.
.....................................................................................................................................26
6.5. Tapes.
..............................................................................................................................................26
6.6. Formatting.
......................................................................................................................................27
i
The Linux System Administrator's Guide
Table of Contents
Chapter 6. Using Disks and Other Storage Media
6.7. Partitions.
........................................................................................................................................28
6.7.1. The MBR, boot sectors and partition table.
...........................................................................29
6.7.2. Extended and logical partitions.
............................................................................................29
6.7.3. Partition types.
.......................................................................................................................30
6.7.4. Partitioning a hard disk..
........................................................................................................31
6.7.5. Device files and partitions.
....................................................................................................31
6.8. Filesystems.
.....................................................................................................................................32
6.8.1. What are filesystems?.
...........................................................................................................32
6.8.2. Filesystems galore.
................................................................................................................32
6.8.3. Which filesystem should be used?.
.......................................................................................34
6.8.4. Creating a filesystem.
............................................................................................................35
6.8.5. Mounting and unmounting.
...................................................................................................36
6.8.6. Checking filesystem integrity with fsck.
...............................................................................39
6.8.7. Checking for disk errors with badblocks.
..............................................................................39
6.8.8. Fighting fragmentation.
.........................................................................................................40
6.8.9. Other tools for all filesystems
...............................................................................................40
6.8.10. Other tools for the ext2/ext3 filesystem.
.............................................................................41
6.9. Disks without filesystems.
..............................................................................................................42
6.10. Allocating disk space.
...................................................................................................................43
6.10.1. Partitioning schemes.
...........................................................................................................43
6.10.2. Space requirements.
.............................................................................................................43
6.10.3. Examples of hard disk allocation.
.......................................................................................44
6.10.4. Adding more disk space for Linux.
.....................................................................................44
6.10.5. Tips for saving disk space.
..................................................................................................44
Chapter 7. Memory Management.
..................................................................................................................46
7.1. What is virtual memory?.
................................................................................................................46
7.2. Creating a swap space.
....................................................................................................................46
7.3. Using a swap space.
........................................................................................................................47
7.4. Sharing swap spaces with other operating systems.
.......................................................................49
7.5. Allocating swap space.
....................................................................................................................49
7.6. The buffer cache.
............................................................................................................................50
Chapter 8. Boots And Shutdowns.
...................................................................................................................52
8.1. An overview of boots and shutdowns.
............................................................................................52
8.2. The boot process in closer look.
.....................................................................................................52
8.3. More about shutdowns.
...................................................................................................................54
8.4. Rebooting.
.......................................................................................................................................55
8.5. Single user mode.
............................................................................................................................56
8.6. Emergency boot floppies.
...............................................................................................................56
Chapter 9. ini.
...................................................................................................................................................57
9.1. init comes first
................................................................................................................................57
9.2. Configuring init to start getty: the /etc/inittab file.
.........................................................................57
9.3. Run levels
.......................................................................................................................................58
9.4. Special configuration in /etc/inittab.
...............................................................................................59
9.5. Booting in single user mode
...........................................................................................................60
ii
The Linux System Administrator's Guide
Table of Contents
Chapter 10. Logging In And Ou.
....................................................................................................................61
10.1. Logins via terminals.
.....................................................................................................................61
10.2. Logins via the network..
................................................................................................................62
10.3. What login does.
...........................................................................................................................63
10.4. X and xdm.
....................................................................................................................................64
10.5. Access control.
..............................................................................................................................64
10.6. Shell startup.
.................................................................................................................................64
Chapter 11. Managing user accounts.
.............................................................................................................65
11.1. What's an account?..
......................................................................................................................65
11.2. Creating a user.
.............................................................................................................................65
11.2.1. /etc/passwd and other informative files.
..............................................................................65
11.2.2. Picking numeric user and group ids.
...................................................................................66
11.2.3. Initial environment: /etc/ske.
..............................................................................................66
11.2.4. Creating a user by hand.
......................................................................................................67
11.3. Changing user properties.
.............................................................................................................67
11.4. Removing a user
...........................................................................................................................68
11.5. Disabling a user temporarily.
........................................................................................................68
Chapter 12. Backups.
........................................................................................................................................70
12.1. On the importance of being backed up.
........................................................................................70
12.2. Selecting the backup medium.
......................................................................................................70
12.3. Selecting the backup tool.
.............................................................................................................71
12.4. Simple backups.
............................................................................................................................72
12.4.1. Making backups with tar.
....................................................................................................72
12.4.2. Restoring files with tar.
.......................................................................................................73
12.5. Multilevel backups.
.......................................................................................................................74
12.6. What to back up.
...........................................................................................................................75
12.7. Compressed backups.
....................................................................................................................76
Chapter 13. Keeping Time.
..............................................................................................................................77
13.1. The concept of localtime.
..............................................................................................................77
13.2. The hardware and software clocks.
...............................................................................................78
13.3. Showing and setting time.
.............................................................................................................78
13.4. When the clock is wrong..
.............................................................................................................79
13.5. NTP − Network Time Protoco.
....................................................................................................79
13.6. Basic NTP configuration..
.............................................................................................................80
13.7. NTP Toolkit.
.................................................................................................................................81
13.8. Some known NTP servers.
............................................................................................................83
13.9. NTP Links.
....................................................................................................................................83
Chapter 14. Finding Help.
................................................................................................................................84
14.1. Newsgroups and Mailing Lists.
....................................................................................................84
14.1.1. Finding The Right Forum.
...................................................................................................84
14.1.2. Before You Post.
.................................................................................................................84
14.1.3. Writing Your Post
...............................................................................................................84
14.1.4. Formatting Your Post.
.........................................................................................................85
14.1.5. Follow Up.
...........................................................................................................................85
iii
Plik z chomika:
rafalb967
Inne pliki z tego folderu:
Sieci ISDN.ppt
(2208 KB)
Sieci i systemy telekomunikacyjne2a.ppt
(11950 KB)
SIECI DOSTĘPOWE.doc
(1032 KB)
Sieci dostępowe.ppt
(4467 KB)
Serwery_FTP.pdf
(558 KB)
Inne foldery tego chomika:
ADMINISTROWANIE SIECIAMI
BIOS
C
CHIPSETY
COREL DRAW
Zgłoś jeśli
naruszono regulamin