Homofobia, dyskryminacja - raport APP (j. ang.) cz. 1.pdf

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European Union
Agency for Fundamental Rights
Homophobia and Discrimination on
Grounds of Sexual Orientation
in the EU Member States
Part I – Legal Analysis
Olivier De Schutter
2008
DISCLAIMER: This report was financed and prepared for the use of the FRA. Data and information were
provided by FRALEX. The responsibility for conclusion and opinions lies with the FRA.
Contents
FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................5
BACKGROUND................................................................................................................8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................11
1.
Implementation of Employment Directive 2000/78/EC....................................23
1.1. The hierarchy of grounds under the equality directives ...............33
1.2. The establishment of equality bodies with a competence
extending to discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation ......36
1.3. The prohibition of discrimination on grounds of
sexual orientation and the status of same-sex couples ...............52
1.3.1. The general framework .......................................................52
1.3.2. The interpretation of the Employment Equality
Directive by the European Court of Justice .........................53
1.3.3. The requirements of international human rights law............56
2.
Freedom of movement ......................................................................................60
2.1. The general framework ................................................................60
2.2. A married partner of the citizen of the Union seeks to join
him or her in another EU Member State ......................................62
2.3. A same-sex registered partner of the citizen of the Union
seeks to join him or her in another EU Member State .................64
2.4. A de facto same-sex cohabitant of the citizen of the Union
seeks to join him or her in another EU Member State .................66
2.5. The same-sex marriage or partnership concluded by a
citizen of the Union in a Member State other than the State
of which he/she is a national .......................................................67
3.
Asylum and subsidiary protection ...................................................................83
3.1. Asylum: the general framework ...................................................83
3.2. Subsidiary protection: the general framework.............................86
3.3. Family members of the individual seeking international
protection .....................................................................................90
4.
Family reunification ...........................................................................................99
4.1. The general framework ................................................................99
4.2. The extension to same-sex spouses of the family reunification
rights recognised to opposite-sex spouses ................................100
4.3. The extension to same-sex partners of family reunification
rights recognised to opposite-sex partners ................................101
4.4. The extension to same-sex partners of free movement rights
recognised to opposite-sex partners ..........................................102
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5.
Freedom of assembly ......................................................................................103
5.1. The general framework ..............................................................103
5.2. Freedom of assembly of LGBT people or organisations
demonstrating in favour of LGBT rights .....................................106
5.3. Demonstrations against LGBT people constituting an
incitement to hatred, violence or discrimination .........................110
6.
Criminal law......................................................................................................112
6.1. The general framework ..............................................................112
6.2. Combating homophobia through the criminal law or
through other means..................................................................117
6.3. Homophobic motive as an aggravating factor in the
commission of criminal offences (‘hate crimes’).........................121
7.
Transgender issues .........................................................................................123
7.1. The requirement of non-discrimination.......................................123
7.2. The legal status of transsexuals: gender reassignment
and legal recognition of the post-operative gender ....................127
7.2.1. The availability of gender reassignment operations ..........127
7.2.2. The legal consequences of gender reassignment:
recognition of the acquired gender and right to change
one’s forename in accordance with the acquired gender ..129
Official recognition of a new gender...........................................132
Change of forename ..................................................................135
8.
Other relevant Issues ......................................................................................138
8.1. The collection of data relating to discrimination on grounds
of sexual orientation or gender identity ......................................138
8.2. Access to reproductive health services......................................141
9.
Good practice...................................................................................................143
9.1. Establishing specialised units within the public administration...143
9.2. Measuring the extent of discrimination on grounds of sexual
orientation ..................................................................................145
9.3. Creating awareness by proactive policies..................................145
9.4. Protecting the privacy of transgendered individuals in the
context of job applications..........................................................147
10. Conclusions .....................................................................................................148
10.1. The Employment Equality Directive ...........................................148
10.2. The Free Movement Directive....................................................149
10.3. TheQualification Directive .........................................................150
10.4. The Family Reunification Directive.............................................151
10.5. Combating homophobia through the criminal law ......................152
10.6. Theprotectionoftransgender persons ......................................153
10.7. The lack of statistics and data for the development of
anti-discrimination policies ...........................................................154
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