Image Processing in C.pdf

Image Processing in C

Second Edition

Dwayne Phillips

104548-2) was published by

R & D Publications

1601 West 23rd Street, Suite 200

Lawrence, Kansas 66046-0127

R & D Publications has since been purchased by Miller-Freeman, Inc. which

has been purchased by CMP Media, Inc. I recommend reading \The C/C++

Users Journal" now published by CMP Media, Inc. See http://www.cuj.com.

The Electronic Second Edition of this text is Copyright c 2000 by Dwayne

Phillips. Dwayne Phillips owns the electronic rights of this text. No part of

this text may be copied without the written permission of Dwayne Phillips.

If you have purchased the electronic edition of this text, you may print a

copy.

Electronic Edition 1.0, 26 April 2000

The Source Code listed in this text is available at

http://members.aol.com/dwaynephil/cips2edsrc.zip

Preface

This book is a tutorial on image processing. Each chapter explains basic

concepts with words and gures, shows image processing results with pho-

tographs, and implements the operations in C. Information herein comes

from articles published in The C/C++ Users Journal from 1990 through

1998 and from the rst edition of this book published in 1994. This second

(electronic) edition contains new material in every chapter.

The goals of the rst edition of this book were to (1) teach image pro-

cessing, (2) provide image processing tools, (3) provide an image processing

software system as a foundation for growth, and (4) make all of the above

available to anyone with a plain, garden variety PC.

These goals remain the same today, but much else has changed. The

update to this text reects many of these changes. The Internet exploded,

and this brought a limitless supply of free images to those of us who like to

process them. With these images have come inexpensive software packages

that display and print images as well as convert le formats.

The operating systems on home desktop and laptop computers have come

of age. These have brought at, virtual memory models so that it is easy

to pull entire image les into memory for processing. This permitted the

software revisions that are the basis of this second edition.

The software presented in this book will run on any computer using a

32-bit operating system (Windows 95, 98, NT and all avors of UNIX). I

compiled it using D.J. Delorie's port of the (free) GNU C compiler (DJGPP,

see www.delorie.com). It should compile ne using commercially available

C/C++ compilers. The software works on 8-bit, gray scale images in TIFF

and BMP le formats. Inexpensive programs are available to convert almost

any image into one of these formats.

Chapter 0 introduces the C Image Processing System. This chapter ties

together many of the concepts of the software and how to use it.

Chapter 1 presents the image le input and output (I/O) routines used

by the image operators in the remainder of the text. These I/O routines

underwent major changes from the rst edition of this text. The changes in

the I/O code means chapter 1 is much longer in this edition and the remaining

chapters and their source code are shorter.

Chapter 2 describes showing image numbers on a screen and dumping

them to a text le for printing. I now leave image viewing and printing in

today's windows systems to other, inexpensive programs.

Chapter 3 describes the halftoning technique that transform a gray scale

image to a black and white image that looks like it has shades of gray. This

chapter also shows how to use this to print wall posters of images.

Chapter 4 delves into histograms and histogram equalization. Histogram

equalization allows you to correct for poor contrast in images. It presents

a program that creates a picture of an image's histogram. It also gives a

program that pastes images together.

Chapter 5 introduces edge detection | a basic operation in image pro-

cessing.

Chapter 6 explains advanced edge detection techniques. We will use these

techniques later in the book for segmentation.

Chapter 7 addresses spatial frequency ltering. It shows how to use var-

ious high-pass and low-pass lters to enhance images by removing noise and

sharpening edges.

Chapter 8 considers sundry image operations. It demonstrates how to

add and subtract images and cut and paste parts of images.

Chapter 9 introduces image segmentation. Segmentation is an attempt to

divide the image into parts representing real objects in the image. Chapter

9 shows how to use simple histogram based segmentation.

Chapter 10 continues image segmentation with several advanced tech-

niques. It discusses using edges, gray shades, and complex region growing

algorithms.

Chapter 11 demonstrates morphological ltering or manipulating shapes.

It describes erosion, dilation, outlining, opening, closing, thinning, and me-

dial axis transforms.

Chapter 12 discusses Boolean operations and image overlaying. It shows

how to use Boolean algebra to place a label on an image and how to overlay

images for a double exposure eect.

Chapter 13 describes how to alter the geometry of images by displace-

ment, scaling, rotation, and cross products. It provides a utility I often use

iii

that stretches and compresses images.

Chapter 14 presents image warping and morphing. Warping is a 1960s

technique that Hollywood embraced in the early 1990s. It leads to morphing.

Chapter 15 looks at textures and texture operators. Texture is hard to

explain and harder to classify with computers. Nevertheless, there are a few

ways to work this problem.

Chapter 16 explains stereograms. These dot-lled images contain 3-D

objects if viewed correctly. Stereograms ooded the market in the early

1990s. The theory and techniques are simple and easy to use.

Chapter 17 examines steganography | the ability to hide information in

images. Steganography exploits the unnecessary resolution of gray in images.

Chapter 18 shows how to write DOS .bat programs to use the programs

of the C Image Processing System.

Chapter 19 shows the Windows interface I created for the C Image Pro-

cessing System. I used the tcl/tk language and the Visual Tcl tool to create

this. The tcl/tk scripting language is perfect for gluing together a set of

programs like the image processing ones in this book.

The appendices provide information on the programming aspects of this

book. They discuss the makele for the programs (appendix A) and the

stand alone application programs in CIPS (appendix B). Appendix C lists

the individual functions and the source code les containing them. Appendix

D gives all the image processing algorithms and the chapters in which they

appear. Appendix E is a bibliography enumerating the books that have been

of great help to me.

Appendix F contains all the source code listings. I struggled with putting

the listings in each chapter or all together at the end of thebook. I chose

the end as that makes it easier to print the text without lots of source code

listings. You may download a copy of the source code from

http://members.aol.com/dwaynephil/cips2edsrc.zip

Have fun with this. I had fun updating the software and the descriptions.

Thanks to the Internet (lots of free images) and newer operating systems

(32-bit), image processing is more fun than ever before. Everyone is doing

image processing today. Use the tools and techniques described here to join

in. Every technique brings with it ideas for other things to do. So much fun

and so little time.

Many thanks to the sta of The C/C++ Users Journal and Miller-

Freeman past and present. In particular I want to thank Howard Hyten,

Diane Thomas, Martha Masinton, Bernie Williams, P.J. Plauger, and Robert

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