History of Civilizations of Central Asia v3 The Crossroads of Civilizations AD 250 to 750.pdf
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ISBN978-92-3-103211-0
CONTENTS
Contents
PREFACE
11
DESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECT
14
MEMBERSOFTHEINTERNATIONALSCIENTIFICCOMMITTEE(in
alphabeticalorder)
17
MEMBERSOFTHEINTERNATIONALSCIENTIFICCOMMITTEE(since
1993)
18
MEMBERSOFTHEREADINGCOMMITTEE
19
LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS
20
Othercollaboratingspecialists
22
1HISTORICALINTRODUCTION
23
TheSasanians
.................................. 24
TheGuptas
................................... 26
TheSuidynasty
................................. 27
TheT’angdynasty
............................... 28
Oasisstates
................................... 29
Ecology,geographyandclimate
........................ 29
Nomadicsocieties
................................ 31
TheHsiung-nuandtheHuns
.......................... 33
TheSilkRoute
................................. 35
Cross-culturalinfluences
............................ 37
2SASANIANIRAN–ECONOMY,SOCIETY,ARTSANDCRAFTS
39
POLITICALHISTORY,ECONOMYANDSOCIETY
............ 40
2
ISBN978-92-3-103211-0
CONTENTS
Strugglesagainstthenorthernnomads
..................... 43
TheSasanianadministration
.......................... 45
Royalcities
................................... 45
ThereformsofKhusrauI
............................ 47
Theeconomy
.................................. 48
Sasaniancoins
.................................. 49
Thearmy,warfareandarmaments
....................... 57
CUSTOMS,ARTSANDCRAFTS
....................... 59
Sasaniancitiesandfortifications
........................ 60
Sasaniancourtarchitecture
........................... 63
Sasanianreligiousarchitecture
......................... 66
Sasanianartandcrafts
............................. 67
3SASANIANIRAN:INTELLECTUALLIFE
81
Writtenworks
.................................. 82
Secularliterature
................................ 82
Royal
ResGestae
................................ 86
Religiousliterature
............................... 88
Philosophyandtheology
............................ 90
Visionaryandapocalyptictexts
......................... 90
Andarz
(wisdomliterature)
........................... 91
Languagesandscripts
.............................. 91
LITERATURE,SCIENCEANDRELIGION
................. 94
Borrowingsandinfluences
........................... 94
Scienceandphilosophy
............................. 96
Courtchroniclesandepichistories
....................... 99
Religiouslife
.................................. 102
Religionandthelaw
.............................. 105
4THEKUSHANO-SASANIANKINGDOM
107
Stateorganizationandadministration
...................... 107
Economy,societyandtrade
........................... 112
Religiouslife
.................................. 113
Cities,architecture,artandcrafts
........................ 115
Languagesandscripts
.............................. 121
5THEKIDARITEKINGDOMINCENTRALASIA
123
3
ISBN978-92-3-103211-0
CONTENTS
OriginandriseoftheKidarites
......................... 123
EarlyhistoryoftheKidarites
.......................... 124
FoundationoftheKidaritestate
......................... 125
Kidara’sconquestofGandharaandKashmir
.................. 126
ThedeclineoftheKidarites
........................... 127
ThenewconquestofBactriabytheSasanians(467)
.............. 129
Economy,societyandpolity
.......................... 130
Monetarysystemandtrade
........................... 132
Life-style,cultureandideology
......................... 136
6THEHEPHTHALITEEMPIRE
138
Origins
..................................... 138
Politicalandmilitaryhistory
.......................... 141
ConquestsinGandharaandnorthernIndia
................... 144
TheHephthalitesofCentralAsia
........................ 146
Socialstructureandadministration
....................... 147
Religiouslifeandpolyandry
.......................... 150
Languageandscripts
.............................. 151
Towns
...................................... 152
Architecture
................................... 153
Artandcrafts
.................................. 154
7EASTERNKUSHANS,KIDARITESINGANDHARAANDKASHMIR,
ANDLATERHEPHTHALITES
166
EASTERNKUSHANSANDKIDARITESINGANDHARAANDKASH-
MIR
.................................... 167
EasternKushans
................................. 167
KidaritesinGandharaandKashmir
....................... 171
LaterHephthalites
................................ 173
Economicandculturalprogress
......................... 176
Sanskritreferences
............................... 178
CoinageoftheHunas
.............................. 179
THELATERHEPHTHALITESINCENTRALASIA
............. 180
TheKhalaj,thesuccessorsoftheHephthalites
................. 184
UrbanlifeandartinTokharistan
........................ 186
8THEGUPTAKINGDOM
188
4
ISBN978-92-3-103211-0
CONTENTS
OriginandpoliticalhistoryoftheGuptas
.................... 188
Socialandeconomicconditions
......................... 193
Administration
................................. 197
Religiouslife
.................................. 199
Literature
.................................... 201
Science
..................................... 202
Artandarchitecture
............................... 203
9KHWARIZM
211
HISTORYANDCULTUREOFKHWARIZM
................. 212
Uncertainearlyhistory
............................. 212
Socialstructureandadministration
....................... 215
Art,architecture,religionandlanguage
..................... 222
AL-BIRUNIONKHWARIZM
......................... 227
TheKhwarizmiancalendar
........................... 227
Khwarizmianeras
................................ 229
Religiousbeliefs
................................. 230
TheArabconquest
............................... 233
10SOGDIANA
237
SUGHDANDADJACENTREGIONS
.................... 237
Economic,culturalandsociallife
........................ 242
Artandarchitecture
............................... 244
Religiouslife
.................................. 249
Scripts,epicsandliterarysources
....................... 255
USTRUSHANA,FERGHANA,CHACHANDILAK
............. 262
Ustrushana
................................... 262
Ferghana
..................................... 275
ChachandIlak
................................. 278
11THECITY-STATESOFTHETARIMBASIN
282
Geographyandclimate
............................. 282
Peoplesandlanguages
............................. 284
Sociallifeandtheeconomy
........................... 286
Shan-shan:administrativesystem
........................ 288
Politicalupheavals
............................... 289
Trade
...................................... 291
5
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