QEX_2007_09_10.pdf

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ARRL

225 Main Street

Newington, CT USA 06111-1494

The national association for

AMATEUR RADIO

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Speciﬁ cations

Frequency:

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Mode:

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RF Drive:

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Input/Output Connectors:

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AC Consumption:

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Dimension:

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Weight:

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QEX (ISSN: 0886-8093) is published bimonthly

in January, March, May, July, September, and

November by the American Radio Relay League,

225 Main Street, Newington, CT 06111-1494.

Periodicals postage paid at Hartford, CT and at

additional mailing ofﬁ ces.

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: QEX,

225 Main St, Newington, CT 06111-1494

Issue No 244

About the Cover

Matteo Campanella, IZ2EEQ, uses a

DDS module and a PIC control module to

build a QRP beacon transmitter for QRSS

operation. An Analog Devices AD9851 DDS

IC, a PIC 16F84AP controller and

an LCD form the basis for this

project.

Harold Kramer, WJ1B

Publisher

Larry Wolfgang, WR1B

Editor

Lori Weinberg, KB1EIB

Assistant Editor

L. B. Cebik, W4RNL

Zack Lau, W1VT

Ray Mack, W5IFS

Contributing Editors

Production Department

Steve Ford, WB8IMY

Publications Manager

Michelle Bloom, WB1ENT

Production Supervisor

Sue Fagan, KB1OKW

Graphic Design Supervisor

Devon Neal, KB1NSR

Technical Illustrator

Joe Shea

Production Assistant

Advertising Information Contact:

Janet L. Rocco, W1JLR

Business Services

860-594-0203 direct

800-243-7768 ARRL

860-594-4285 fax

Circulation Department

Cathy Stepina, QEX Circulation

Ofﬁ ces

225 Main St, Newington, CT 06111-1494 USA

Telephone: 860-594-0200

Fax: 860-594-0259 (24 hour direct line)

e-mail: qex@arrl.org

Subscription rate for 6 issues:

In the US: ARRL Member $24,

nonmember $36;

US by First Class Mail:

ARRL member $37, nonmember $49;

Elsewhere by Surface Mail (4-8 week delivery):

ARRL member $31, nonmember $43;

Canada by Airmail: ARRL member $40,

nonmember $52;

Elsewhere by Airmail: ARRL member $59,

nonmember $71.

Members are asked to include their membership

control number or a label from their QST when

applying.

Features

3 Octave for Circle Diagrams

11 An Unusual Vector Network Analyzer

24 A DDS Based QRSS (and CW) Beacon

29 Very High Q Microwave Cavities and Filters

37 A Differential Leveling Microphone

44 Turbo Delphi Explorer: Develop Amateur Radio Projects

By Steve Gradijan, WB5KIA

48 Using Gain-Probability Data to Compare Antenna

By Fred Glenn, K9SO

Columns

51 Antenna Options

57 Letters

59 Upcoming Conferences

61 Next Issue

In order to ensure prompt delivery, we ask that

you periodically check the address information

on your mailing label. If you ﬁ nd any inaccura-

cies, please contact the Circulation Department

immediately. Thank you for your assistance.

Sep/Oct 2007 QEX Advertising Index

League Inc. For permission to quote or reprint

material from QEX or any ARRL publication,

send a written request including the issue date

(or book title), article, page numbers and a

description of where you intend to use the

reprinted material. Send the request to the

ofﬁ ce of the Publications Manager

( permission@arrl.org ).

American Radio Relay League: 61 , 62,

63, 64

Array Solutions: 23, Cov III

Atomic Time: 36

Communications Specialists, Inc: 50

Down East Microwave Inc: 36

Elkins Marine Training International: 56

Kenwood Communications: Cov IV

National RF, Inc: 60

Nemal Electronics International, Inc: 60

Teri Software: 60

Tokyo Hy-Power Labs, Inc: Cov II

Tucson Amateur Packet Radio: 61

Sep/Oct 2007 1

By Maynard A. Wright, W6PAP

By Dr George R. Steber, WB9LVI

By Matteo Campanella, IZ2EEQ

By Paolo Antoniazzi, IW2ACD, and Marco Arecco, IK2WAQ

By J. R. Laughlin, KE5KSC

for Windows with a Free Compiler

Performances

By L. B. Cebik, W4RNL

THE AMERICAN RADIO

RELAY LEAGUE

Empirical Outlook

Larry Wolfgang, WR1B

lwolfgang@arrl.org

The American Radio Relay League, Inc, is a

noncommercial association of radio amateurs,

organized for the promotion of interest in

Amateur Radio communication and experimenta-

tion, for the establishment of networks to provide

communications in the event of disasters or other

emergencies, for the advancement of the radio art

and of the public welfare, for the representation of

the radio amateur in legislative matters, and for

the maintenance of fraternalism and a high

standard of conduct.

ARRL is an incorporated association without

capital stock chartered under the laws of the state

of Connecticut, and is an exempt organization

under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue

Code of 1986. Its affairs are governed by a Board

of Directors, whose voting members are elected

every three years by the general membership. The

ofﬁ cers are elected or appointed by the Directors.

The League is noncommercial, and no one who

could gain ﬁ nancially from the shaping of its

affairs is eligible for membership on its Board.

“Of, by, and for the radio amateur,” ARRL

numbers within its ranks the vast majority of active

amateurs in the nation and has a proud history of

achievement as the standard-bearer in amateur

affairs.

A bona ﬁ de interest in Amateur Radio is the only

essential qualiﬁ cation of membership; an Amateur

Radio license is not a prerequisite, although full

voting membership is granted only to licensed

amateurs in the US.

Membership inquiries and general corres-

pondence should be addressed to the

administrative headquarters:

A Change in Leadership

Many readers saw the notice that appeared on the

ARRL Web site on July 16. ( www.arrl.org/news/

stories/2007/07/17/100/?nc=1 ) For those who did

not, QEX has a new Editor.

Unfortunately, for personal reasons, Doug Smith

was unable to continue as our Editor. ARRL Publi-

cations Manager, Steve Ford, WB8IMY, asked me to

take over the reins. This was a step up from the role

of Managing Editor, which I held since Bob (KU7G)

Schetgen’s untimely passing in December 2005. I

was pleased to accept the new responsibilities.

Doug Smith became Editor with the Sep/Oct

1998 issue of QEX , when he took over for Rudy

Severns, N6LF. Doug has served our readership well

for 9 years, and we thank him for his dedication

to this Forum for Communications Experimenters .

On behalf of all our readers, and all of the ARRL

Headquarters Staff, Thanks Doug.

Moving from Managing Editor to Editor is a

big step. As I looked over the history of our “little”

magazine, I saw a list of technical heavyweights that

make me wonder if I am qualiﬁ ed for the position. I

guess time will tell.

You may be wondering, “Who is Larry Wolfgang,

and why should he be the Editor of QEX ?” The an-

nouncement on the ARRL Web page contained a

bit of information about me, and I won’t repeat that

here. I thought you might like to know a little bit

more about me, though.

Since my Novice days, when I was in high

school, I have enjoyed a wide variety of Amateur

Radio activities. My ﬁ rst transmitter was a Knight

T-60 kit transmitter, and I built a variety of station

accessories and antennas in those early years. I con-

tinue to enjoy building both commercial kits and

published projects. (I built a Heath HW-5400 for a

QST Product Review, as well as an Elecraft K2/100.)

I enjoy CW, SSB, FM repeaters and occasionally

some digital modes such as PSK-31. I enjoy diving

into a DX pileup sometimes, and like operating as a

“casual contester.” So I’ve dabbled in a wide array

of Amateur Radio activities, but there are certainly

many areas I have not yet tried. Part of the allure of

Amateur Radio for me is that there always seems to

be something new to learn about, and try.

So, what are my plans for QEX ? Well, as the old

saying goes, “A new broom sweeps clean,” and I

want to take this opportunity to make some reﬁ ne-

ments to QEX that I hope you will like. I don’t ex-

pect you will notice any radical changes (at least not

right away), but I do have a few ideas. I am also very

interested in your input. Let me know what you like

about the magazine, and please share any ideas you

have for improvements.

While reading the editorial in issue number 1,

December 1981, I realized that Paul Rinaldo, W4RI,

established some lofty goals for this newsletter. I

became aware that much of what Paul had to stay

could still deﬁ ne what I hope QEX is today, and what

it can become.

“It is our intent to achieve a balance in the edito-

rial content. In one respect, we want to feature about

as much original research and development as we do

practical construction articles. In another, we want

to keep some sort of a balance between digital elec-

tronics (computers, etc.) and the analog world of re-

ceivers and transmitters. Within the digital domain,

it makes sense to include some software as well as

hardware. But that doesn’t mean that each issue will

reﬂ ect that balance. Also, we may concentrate more

than a fair share of space on a topic when it’s hot

and rolling. It seems reasonable to push the newer

technology as much as possible, even at the expense

of overlooking some more mature topics.”

“If you are interested in an article, we’re sure that

the author would like to hear from you [and so would

we]. The whole idea is to get a dialog going between

experimenters.”

In the past few years, it seems to me that many

QEX articles have been “polished” ﬁ nal projects

or detailed theoretical discussions. Those are good

articles, but I wonder how many readers have been

working on projects that others would like to learn

about, but they are reluctant to write about their work

and send it to us. Perhaps there are readers who don’t

believe their efforts would “measure up” to the stan-

dards of other articles they have read in QEX . I would

like to encourage you to describe the details of your

efforts to the best of your ability and send it in for

possible publication. Part of my job as Editor will be

to help smooth out some of the rough spots and help

present your article in the best way possible.

I would like to see some articles that go back to

that original charter of publishing ongoing experi-

ments. If you have been working on a project, but

are stumped by some particular problem, other QEX

readers might have a solution. This is the idea of

a forum for communications experimenters. It is a

place to exchange information about ongoing work,

where many people have an opportunity to add to the

progress of the project.

If you have ideas that you think would improve

QEX , please share them with me. I can’t promise

that we will make every change you suggest, but if

it seems to make editorial and ﬁ nancial sense, we

might be able to give it a try. For example, I received

a suggestion that we add a column for readers to send

brief descriptions of projects they have been working

on, without going into a lot of construction or opera-

tional details. I believe we already have such a space

in QEX . It is called Letters, and I encourage readers

to send such notes for that column. (“Hi, I just found

a new transistor, a Superduper 525, that I have used

to build a low-noise RF preampliﬁ er for a receiver

project…”) If we receive enough such notes, we may

eventually decide to assign a new column name for

that section. Let’s see what happens.

As it would be with any publication, another goal

for QEX is to increase circulation. I believe if more

hams knew about the kinds of technical articles we

publish in QEX , they would want to read every is-

sue. We will continue to look for new ways to call

attention to QEX , but one of the best sales tools is

word of mouth advertising. If you read an article you

particularly liked, tell a friend who doesn’t receive

the magazine. Help spread the word about the tech-

nical material we are publishing.

Of course, without you, our readers, we really

can’t do anything with the magazine. We need you

to write articles about things that interest you. We

need you to share ideas with other readers. We need

you to respond to requests for help when you read

about something about which you have particular

experience and expertise.

I am looking forward to working with all of you to

make QEX an even better publication than it already

is. Thank you for your help and support.

— 73, Larry Wolfgang, WR1B

ARRL, 225 Main Street, Newington, CT 06111 USA.

Telephone: 860-594-0200

FAX: 860-594-0259 (24-hour direct line)

Ofﬁ cers

President: JOEL HARRISON, W5ZN

528 Miller Rd, Judsonia, AR 72081

Chief Executive Ofﬁ cer: DAVID SUMNER, K1ZZ

The purpose of QEX is to:

1) provide a medium for the exchange of ideas

and information among Amateur Radio experiment-

ers,

2) document advanced technical work in the

Amateur Radio ﬁ eld, and

3) support efforts to advance the state of the

Amateur Radio art.

All correspondence concerning QEX should be ad-

dressed to the American Radio Relay League,

225 Main Street, Newington, CT 06111 USA.

Envelopes containing manuscripts and letters for

publication in QEX should be marked Editor, QEX.

Both theoretical and practical technical articles

are welcomed. Manuscripts should be submitted in

word-processor format, if possible. We can redraw

any ﬁ gures as long as their content is clear.

Photos should be glossy, color or black-and-white

prints of at least the size they are to appear in

QEX or high-resolution digital images (300 dots per

inch or higher at the printed size). Further

information for authors can be found on the Web at

www.arrl.org/qex/ or by e-mail to qex@arrl.org .

Any opinions expressed in QEX are those of

the authors, not necessarily those of the Editor or the

League. While we strive to ensure all material

is technically correct, authors are expected to

defend their own assertions. Products mentioned

are included for your information only; no

endorsement is implied. Readers are cautioned to

verify the availability of products before sending

money to vendors.

2 Sep/Oct 2007

Octave for Circle Diagrams

The author shows us again that Octave is a powerful analysis

tool, with mathematical and graphing capabilities that can serve

a wide array of applications.

Maynard A. Wright, W6PAP

Darrin Walraven, K5DVW, provides an

excellent overview of SWR and debunks

some myths that have been ﬂ oating around

for decades. 1 Darrin makes good use of the

Smith Chart in the sidebar “Adding Reac-

tance to the Picture.” Even without reactive

terminations to consider, the Smith Chart is a

very useful tool when analyzing transmission

lines and other situations involving transfor-

mations of complex impedances.

Software tools such as winSMITH 2.0

can aid us in using the Smith Chart. 2 Using

a software deﬁ ned chart allows us to experi-

ment with various networks, terminations,

and lengths and types of transmission lines

without using up a lot of expensive paper

Smith Charts, and without wearing our pencil

erasers down to a nub.

We’ve used the tool GNU Octave for

transmission line calculations and for calcula-

tions that require graphical output. 3, 4, 5 Can we

use Octave to generate our own Smith Charts?

We could certainly generate the circles and

arcs using Octave , but the labeling would be

difﬁ cult using the basic graphical capabili-

ties of Octave , and the whole project would

probably be a bit tedious. There may be an

alternative, though: the circle diagram.

Electronic Applications of the Smith Chart ,

is very similar to the chart shown in Figure

25-3 of Grifﬁ th. 7 (Also see Note 6.) [These

ﬁ gures are reproduced in the sidebar for the

convenience of our readers, by permission of

the publisher. — Ed .] The two charts differ in

that Smith’s chart is normalized and includes

arcs representing distance (in wavelengths)

and Grifﬁ th’s circle diagrams are not normal-

ized and don’t include the distance arcs.

There are several differences between each

of the rectangular charts and the Smith Chart.

Table 1

Octave Code for Unit Radius Circle

Centered on Origin

angl = linspace(0, 2 * pi, 100);

x = cos(angl);

y = sin(angl);

plot(x,y)

axis(‘equal’);

pause;

Circle Diagrams on Rectangular

Coordinates

The circle diagram is described by B.

Whitﬁ eld Grifﬁ th, Jr, N5SU, in Radio-Elec-

tronic Transmission Fundamentals . 6 The

circle diagram is useful for calculations and

design work involving lumped components

as well as transmission lines. The Smith

Chart, in fact, evolved from a rectangular

chart designed for transmission line cal-

culations. Figure I.2 of Phillip H. Smith’s

1 Notes appear on page 8.

6930 Enright Dr

Citrus Heights, CA 95621

m-wright@eskimo.com

Figure 1 — Circle centered on origin.

Sep/Oct 2007 3

I n “Understanding SWR by Example,”

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