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C++ Programming for Games

Module I

e-Institute Publishing, Inc.

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Editor: Susan Nguyen

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E-INSTITUTE PUBLISHING INC

www.gameinstitute.com

Frank Luna, Game Institute Faculty, C++ Programming for Games

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCING C++....................................................................................................................................... 9

I NTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10

C HAPTER O BJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................................... 10

1.1 G ETTING S TARTED —Y OUR F IRST C++ P ROGRAM .......................................................................................................... 10

1.1.1 Creating the Project................................................................................................................................................ 10

1.1.2 Adding A .CPP File to the Project .......................................................................................................................... 12

1.1.3 Writing the Code ..................................................................................................................................................... 13

1.1.4 Compiling, Linking, and Executing......................................................................................................................... 14

1.2 T HE “P RINT S TRING ” P ROGRAM E XPLAINED ................................................................................................................... 16

1.2.1 Comments................................................................................................................................................................ 16

1.2.2 White Space............................................................................................................................................................. 17

1.2.2 Include Directives ................................................................................................................................................... 18

1.2.3 Namespaces............................................................................................................................................................. 18

1.2.4 The main{...} Function..................................................................................................................................... 20

1.2.5 std::string ................................................................................................................................................................ 20

1.2.6 Input and Output with std::cin and std::cout ............................................................................................ 20

1.3 V ARIABLES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21

1.3.1 Variable Declarations and Definitions ................................................................................................................... 24

1.3.2 Variable Names....................................................................................................................................................... 25

1.3.3 The sizeof Operator ........................................................................................................................................... 25

1.3.4 The unsigned Keyword ....................................................................................................................................... 26

1.3.5 Literal Assignments................................................................................................................................................. 27

1.3.6 Type Conversions .................................................................................................................................................... 27

1.3.7 Typedef s .............................................................................................................................................................. 30

1.3.8 Const Variables....................................................................................................................................................... 30

1.3.9 Macros .................................................................................................................................................................... 30

1.4 A RITHMETIC O PERATIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 31

1.4.1 Unary Arithmetic Operations.................................................................................................................................. 32

1.4.2 Binary Arithmetic Operations ................................................................................................................................. 33

1.4.3 The Modulus Operator ............................................................................................................................................ 34

1.4.4 Compound Arithmetic Operations .......................................................................................................................... 35

1.4.5 Operator Precedence .............................................................................................................................................. 36

1.5 S UMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................................ 37

1.6 E XERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 38

1.6.1 Arithmetic Operators .............................................................................................................................................. 38

1.6.2 Cin/Cout .................................................................................................................................................................. 38

1.6.3 Cube ........................................................................................................................................................................ 38

1.6.4 Area/Circumference ................................................................................................................................................ 39

1.6.5 Average ................................................................................................................................................................... 39

1.6.6 Bug Fixing............................................................................................................................................................... 39

CHAPTER 2: LOGIC, CONDITIONALS, LOOPS AND ARRAYS ................................................................................. 41

I NTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 41

C HAPTER O BJECTIVES : .......................................................................................................................................................... 42

2.1 T HE R ELATIONAL O PERATORS ........................................................................................................................................ 42

2.2 T HE L OGICAL O PERATORS ............................................................................................................................................... 44

2.3 C ONDITIONAL S TATEMENTS : I F , I F …E LSE ...................................................................................................................... 48

2.3.1 The If Statement ...................................................................................................................................................... 49

2.3.2 The Else Clause....................................................................................................................................................... 50

2.3.3 Nested If…Else Statements...................................................................................................................................... 51

2.3.4 The Switch Statement .............................................................................................................................................. 53

2.3.5 The Ternary Operator ............................................................................................................................................. 55

2.4 R EPETITION ......................................................................................................................................................................56

2.4.1 The for-loop.............................................................................................................................................................56

2.4.2 The while Loop.....................................................................................................................................................58

2.4.3 The do…while Loop..............................................................................................................................................60

2.4.4 Nesting Loops ..........................................................................................................................................................61

2.4.5 Break and Continue Keywords ................................................................................................................................62

2.5 A RRAYS ...........................................................................................................................................................................63

2.5.1 Array Initialization ..................................................................................................................................................64

2.5.2 Iterating Over an Array...........................................................................................................................................64

2.5.3 Multidimensional Arrays .........................................................................................................................................65

2.6 S UMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................................67

2.7 E XERCISES .......................................................................................................................................................................68

2.7.1 Logical Operator Evaluation ..................................................................................................................................68

2.7.2 Navigator.................................................................................................................................................................68

2.7.3 Average....................................................................................................................................................................69

2.7.4 Factorial..................................................................................................................................................................69

2.7.5 Matrix Addition .......................................................................................................................................................70

2.7.6 ASCII .......................................................................................................................................................................71

2.7.7 Linear Search ..........................................................................................................................................................71

2.7.8 Selection Sort...........................................................................................................................................................73

CHAPTER 3: FUNCTIONS ...................................................................................................................................................75

I NTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................75

3.1 U SER D EFINED F UNCTIONS ..............................................................................................................................................78

3.1.2 Functions with One Parameter ...............................................................................................................................80

3.1.3 Functions with Several Parameters.........................................................................................................................82

3.2 V ARIABLE S COPE .............................................................................................................................................................83

3.2.1 Example 1 ................................................................................................................................................................83

3.2.2 Example 2 ................................................................................................................................................................85

3.2.3 Example 3 ................................................................................................................................................................86

3.3 M ATH L IBRARY F UNCTIONS ............................................................................................................................................87

3.4 R ANDOM N UMBER L IBRARY F UNCTIONS .........................................................................................................................88

3.4.1 Specifying the Range ...............................................................................................................................................91

3.5 F UNCTION O VERLOADING ................................................................................................................................................92

3.5.1 Default Parameters .................................................................................................................................................94

3.6 S UMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................................96

3.7 E XERCISES .......................................................................................................................................................................97

3.7.1 Factorial..................................................................................................................................................................97

3.7.2 ToUpper; ToLower..................................................................................................................................................97

3.7.3 3D Distance.............................................................................................................................................................98

3.7.4 Arc Tangent 2 ..........................................................................................................................................................99

3.7.5 Calculator Program ..............................................................................................................................................100

3.7.6 Slot Machine..........................................................................................................................................................101

3.7.7 Binary Search ........................................................................................................................................................102

3.7.8 Bubble Sort ............................................................................................................................................................103

CHAPTER 4: REFERENCES AND POINTERS ...............................................................................................................107

I NTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................................108

C HAPTER O BJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................................................108

4.1 R EFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................................108

4.1.1 Constant References ..............................................................................................................................................110

4.2 P OINTERS .......................................................................................................................................................................111

4.2.1 Computer Memory Primer ....................................................................................................................................111

4.4.2 Pointer Initialization .............................................................................................................................................112

4.4.3 Dereferencing........................................................................................................................................................114

4.3 A RRAYS R EVISITED ........................................................................................................................................................117

4.3.1 Pointer to the Beginning of an Array .................................................................................................................... 117

4.3.2 Pointer Arithmetic ................................................................................................................................................. 118

4.3.1 Passing Arrays into Functions .............................................................................................................................. 120

4.4 R ETURNING M ULTIPLE R ETURN V ALUES ...................................................................................................................... 122

4.4.1 Returning Multiple Return Values with Pointers .................................................................................................. 122

4.4.2 Returning Multiple Return Values with References .............................................................................................. 124

4.5 D YNAMIC M EMORY ....................................................................................................................................................... 125

4.5.1 Allocating Memory................................................................................................................................................ 126

4.5.2 Deleting Memory................................................................................................................................................... 127

4.5.3 Memory Leaks ....................................................................................................................................................... 127

4.5.4 Sample Program ................................................................................................................................................... 128

4.6 STD :: VECTOR .................................................................................................................................................................. 132

4.7 F UNCTION P OINTERS ...................................................................................................................................................... 135

4.7.1 The Uses of Function Pointers .............................................................................................................................. 136

4.7.2 Function Pointer Syntax........................................................................................................................................ 137

4.8 S UMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................................... 138

4.9 E XERCISES ..................................................................................................................................................................... 139

4.9.1 Essay Questions .................................................................................................................................................... 139

4.9.2 Dice Function........................................................................................................................................................ 140

4.9.3 Array Fill............................................................................................................................................................... 140

4.9.4 Quadratic Equation............................................................................................................................................... 141

CHAPTER 5: CLASSES AND OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING..................................................................... 144

I NTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................................... 144

C HAPTER O BJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................................... 145

5.1 O BJECT O RIENTED P ROGRAMMING C ONCEPTS .............................................................................................................. 145

5.2 C LASSES ........................................................................................................................................................................ 146

5.2.1 Syntax .................................................................................................................................................................... 146

5.2.2 Class Access: The Dot Operator ........................................................................................................................... 148

5.2.3 Header Files; Class Definitions; Class Implementations ..................................................................................... 150

5.2.2.1 Inclusion Guards................................................................................................................................................ 152

5.2.4 D ATA H IDING : P RIVATE VERSUS P UBLIC .................................................................................................................... 153

5.2.5 Constructors and Destructors ............................................................................................................................... 155

5.2.6 Copy Constructors and the Assignment Operator................................................................................................. 157

5.3 RPG G AME : C LASS E XAMPLES ...................................................................................................................................... 158

5.3.1 The Range Structure.............................................................................................................................................. 158

5.3.2 Random Functions ................................................................................................................................................ 159

5.3.3 Weapon Class........................................................................................................................................................ 159

5.3.4 Monster Class ....................................................................................................................................................... 160

5.3.5 Player Class .......................................................................................................................................................... 165

5.3.6 Map Class ............................................................................................................................................................. 173